From: Relationship of cigarette smoking and hearing loss in workers exposed to occupational noise
 | Non-smoker *(n = 2,270) | Ex-smoker *(n = 2,680) | Current smoker *(n = 3,593) | Total (n = 8,543) | p value †| Post-hoc comparison |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 47.5 ± 9.4 | 48.9 ± 8.0 | 43.5 ± 9.7 | 46.3 ± 9.4 | <0.001 | c < a < b |
Working period (years) | 23.1 ± 10.2 | 24.4 ± 9.2 | 19.8 ± 10.0 | 22.1 ± 10.0 | <0.001 | c < a < b |
Noise level (decibel) | 86.8 ± 3.0 | 86.5 ± 2.9 | 86.8 ± 3.1 | 86.7 ± 3.0 | 0.001 | b < a,c |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 2.3 | 23.5 ± 2.3 | 23.4 ± 2.5 | 23.4 ± 2.4 | 0.013 | a < b |
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 93.2 ± 8.5 | 93.3 ± 8.5 | 91.9 ± 8.5 | 92.7 ± 8.5 | <0.001 | c < a,b |
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dℓ) | 98.2 ± 12.0 | 98.9 ± 12.8 | 97.4 ± 12.8 | 98.1 ± 12.6 | <0.001 | c < b |
Total cholesterol (mg/dℓ) | 188.9 ± 31.7 | 191.4 ± 31.9 | 190.2 ± 32.3 | 190.2 ± 32.0 | 0.023 | a < b |
Triglyceride (mg/dℓ) | 115.7 ± 71.5 | 123.8 ± 88.2 | 141.9 ± 105.8 | 129.3 ± 92.9 | <0.001 | a < c |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dℓ) | 53.5 ± 13.1 | 53.1 ± 12.9 | 51.4 ± 12.7 | 52.5 ± 12.9 | <0.001 | c < a,b |
Hemoglobin (g/dℓ) | 14.9 ± 0.9 | 14.9 ± 0.9 | 15.1 ± 0.9 | 15.0 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | a,b < c |
Hematocrit (%) | 43.4 ± 2.6 | 43.1 ± 2.6 | 43.9 ± 2.7 | 43.5 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | a,b < c |
 | (n = 735) | (n = 800) | (n = 1,227) | (n = 2,762) |  |  |
Red blood cell count (104/mm3) | 468.9 ± 32.8 | 465.5 ± 33.4 | 468.8 ± 34.2 | 467.9 ± 33.6 | 0.020 | b < a,c |
 | (n = 1,084) | (n = 1,129) | (n = 1,673) | (n = 3,886) |  |  |
Carboxyhemoglobin (%) | 0.58 ± 0.75 | 0.52 ± 0.70 | 2.26 ± 1.83 | 1.29 ± 1.57 | <0.001 | a,b < c |
 | (n = 627) | (n = 679) | (n = 1,007) | (n = 2,313) |  |  |
Pure tone audiometry of right ear (dBHL) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1 kHz | 16.4 ± 11.9 | 16.9 ± 12.2 | 15.4 ± 10.5 | 16.2 ± 11.4 | <0.001 | c < a,b |
2 kHz | 19.7 ± 15.2 | 20.3 ± 15.3 | 17.7 ± 13.8 | 19.0 ± 14.7 | <0.001 | c < a,b |
3 kHz | 28.1 ± 20.3 | 30.0 ± 20.8 | 24.8 ± 19.4 | 27.3 ± 20.2 | <0.001 | c < a < b |
4 kHz | 33.8 ± 22.0 | 36.1 ± 22.4 | 30.2 ± 21.7 | 33.0 ± 22.1 | <0.001 | c < a < b |