Table 1 Health outcome definition and source of data

Long-term mortality Adult age ≥ 30

Death rate, excluding violent death or accidents, >30 years

Dockery DW et al. [1]

Pope CA et al. [2]

Pope CA et al. [15]

Respiratory hospital admissions (All age)

ICD9 460–519

Pope CA et al. [16]

ICD9 466, 480–487, 493, 490–

Spix C et al. [17]

492, 494–496

Wordley J et al. [18]

ICD9 480–487, 490–496

Prescott GJ et al. [19]

Cadiovascular hospital admissions (All age)

ICD9 410–436

Wordley J et al. [18]

ICD9 390–459

Poloniecki JD et al. [20]

ICD9 390–459

Medina S et al. [21]

ICD9 410–414, 426–429, 434–440

Prescott GJ et al. [19]

Lung cancer incidence

ICD9 162

Raaschou-Nielsen O et al. [26]

Asthma attack (children < 15 years)

Lower respiratory symptoms, age 6–12 years

Roemer W et al. [27]

Asthma, age 7–15 years

Segala C et al. [28]

Lower respiratory symptoms, age 7–13 years

Gielen MH et al. [29]

Asthma attack (adults ≥ 15 years)

Wheeze, age 18–80 years

Dusseldorp A et al. [30]

National population statistics for 2010 and 2024(prediction)

Shortness of breath, age 18–55 years

Hiltermann TJN et al. [31]

Wheeze, age 16–70 years

Neukirch F et al. [32]

Chronic-bronchitis

Symptoms of cough and/or sputum production on most days, for at least 3 months per year, and for 2 years or more

Abbey D et al. [22]

National population statistics for 2010 and 2024(prediction)

Acute bronchitis (age ≤ 18)

Bronchitis in past 12 months, ages less than 18 years.

Dockery DW et al. [23]

National population statistics for 2010 and 2024(prediction)