Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants
Total | Male | Female | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 719) | (n = 489, 68.0 %) | (n = 230, 32.0 %) | ||
Age, years | 59.1 ± 7.5 | 58.8 ± 7.5 | 59.8 ± 7.5 | 0.071 |
BMI, kg/cm2 | 24.6 ± 3.6 | 24.2 ± 3.6 | 25.5 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 133.5 ± 17.4 | 133.2 ± 17.4 | 134.1 ± 17.3 | 0.514 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 79.9 ± 11.0 | 80.3 ± 11.0 | 79.1 ± 11.1 | 0.172 |
Urine Cadmium, μg/g Cr | 2.29 ± 2.20 | 2.13 ± 2.18 | 2.63 ± 2.21 | 0.005 |
Blood Cadmium, μg/L | 1.70 ± 0.97 | 1.73 ± 0.97 | 1.64 ± 0.95 | 0.254 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 110.4 ± 62.0 | 114.4 ± 69.2 | 101.9 ± 42.0 | 0.003 |
Region† | ||||
High exposure | 267 (37.1) | 211 (43.1) | 56 (24.3) | |
Low exposure | 452 (62.9) | 278 (56.9) | 174 (75.7) | <0.001 |
Smoking status | ||||
Non smoker | 247 (34.4) | 47 (9.6) | 200 (87.0) | |
Ex-smoker | 170 (23.6) | 164 (33.5) | 6 (2.6) | |
Current smoker | 302 (42.0) | 278 (56.9) | 24 (10.4) | <0.001 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
Non-drinker | 249 (34.6) | 107 (21.9) | 142 (61.7) | |
Ex-drinker | 96 (13.4) | 65 (13.3) | 31 (13.5) | |
Current drinker | 374 (52.0) | 317 (64.8) | 57 (24.8) | <0.001 |
Family income | ||||
≤500,000 won | 342 (47.6) | 196 (40.1) | 146 (63.5) | |
500,000-1,000,000 won | 147 (20.4) | 105 (21.5) | 42 (18.3) | |
1,000,000-1,500,000 won | 105 (14.6) | 85 (17.4) | 20 (8.7) | |
>1,500,000 won | 125 (17.4) | 103 (21.1) | 22 (9.6) | <0.001 |
Menopausal status | ||||
Yes | 193 (83.9) | 193 (83.9) | ||
No | 37 (16.1) | 37 (16.1) |