Table 1 Demographic distributions and urinary geometric mean concentration (μg/g creatinine) of phthalate metabolites categorized by population characteristics
Demographic characteristics | GM of metabolitesb | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||
Category | N (%) | N (%) | p-valuea | MnBP | MEOHP | MEHHP | MnBP | MEOHP | MEHHP | |
Age group | 20s | 227 (10.9) | 317 (11.7) | <0.001 | 39.14 | 12.67 | 17.22 | 55.27 | 19.12 | 24.13 |
30s | 452 (17.8) | 555 (20.4) | 46.12** | 14.11* | 19.41** | 63.30* | 20.87* | 26.79* | ||
40s | 559 (22.0) | 585 (21.6) | 48.02** | 15.58* | 21.97** | 63.87** | 22.24** | 28.85** | ||
50s | 571 (22.5) | 665 (24.5) | 52.59** | 16.82** | 23.50** | 68.25** | 23.51** | 30.85** | ||
60s | 503 (19.8) | 437 (16.1) | 62.13** | 19.67** | 26.77** | 68.44** | 26.79** | 35.49** | ||
Older than 70 | 182 (7.2) | 155 (5.7) | 67.86** | 22.61** | 29.65** | 66.60** | 29.75** | 37.63** | ||
Body mass index | Lower than 25 | 1490 (58.6) | 1831 (67.5) | <0.001 | 50.99 | 16.17 | 21.93 | 63.59 | 22.29 | 28.54 |
25 and more | 1054 (41.4) | 883 (32.5) | 51.41 | 16.69 | 23.52** | 66.54 | 24.24** | 32.26** | ||
Household income | Less than 1,500,000 | 556 (22.2) | 644 (24.1) | 0.297 | 59.26** | 20.20** | 27.48** | 65.15 | 25.74** | 33.41** |
1,500,000-2,500,000 | 565 (22.5) | 570 (21.3) | 53.55** | 16.61** | 22.64* | 65.22 | 22.66 | 29.37 | ||
2,500,000-4,000,000 | 696 (27.8) | 742 (27.7) | 47.66 | 15.18 | 21.08 | 62.41 | 21.90 | 28.51 | ||
4,000,000 and more | 689 (27.5) | 722 (27.0) | 47.24 | 14.84 | 20.69 | 65.61 | 21.85 | 28.20 | ||
Housing type | Apartment | 1159 (45.6) | 1302 (48.0) | 0.055 | 48.07 | 15.04 | 20.86 | 63.44 | 21.51 | 27.65 |
Multiplex | 451 (17.7) | 500 (18.4) | 51.49 | 16.36 | 22.43 | 65.58 | 23.37 | 30.58 | ||
Detached | 887 (34.9) | 867 (31.9) | 54.82 | 18.19** | 24.93* | 65.18 | 24.80 | 32.41 | ||
Non-residential | 47 (1.8) | 45 (1.7) | 61.12** | 18.65** | 25.76** | 73.26 | 24.23 | 31.46* | ||
Drinking | Never drink | 643 (25.3) | 1521 (56.0) | <0.001 | 56.65** | 17.98** | 24.08** | 64.99 | 23.31 | 30.27 |
Not more than once a week | 783 (30.8) | 911 (33.7) | 48.38 | 15.60 | 21.20 | 63.43 | 22.34 | 28.66 | ||
More than 2 times per week | 1116 (43.9) | 279 (10.3) | 50.19 | 16.06 | 22.74* | 65.98 | 22.66 | 30.15 | ||
Smoking | Non-smoker | 589 (23.1) | 2543 (93.7) | <0.001 | 51.20* | 15.82 | 21.65 | 64.49 | 22.89 | 29.62 |
Past-smoker | 873 (34.3) | 70 (2.6) | 55.74** | 17.64** | 24.21** | 65.88 | 23.39 | 31.10 | ||
Current-smoker | 1081 (42.5) | 100 (3.7) | 47.74 | 15.72 | 21.84 | 65.03 | 23.26 | 30.83 | ||
Exercise | No exercise | 1250 (49.1) | 1482 (54.6) | 0.004 | 52.27 | 16.56 | 22.79 | 67.60 | 23.55 | 30.86 |
Irregular exercise | 470 (18.5) | 395 (14.6) | 50.88 | 16.09 | 22.67 | 65.80 | 22.74 | 29.33 | ||
Regular exercise | 824 (32.4) | 836 (30.8) | 50.55 | 16.36 | 22.40 | 62.56 | 22.61 | 29.17 | ||