Association of Diabetes Mellitus with a Combination of Vitamin D Deficiency and Arsenic Exposure in the Korean General Population: Analysis of 2008–2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

Table 2 Adjusted OR (95% CI) of Korean adults having diabetes mellitus by category of combination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D quartile and urinary arsenic quartile, adjusted for covariates#

Model	Independent variables	Odds ratio	95% Confidence Interval
Model 1
	Age (years)	1.060	1.046~1.074
	Body mass index (kg/m²)	1.162	1.108~1.218
	Sex
	Men	Ref
	Women	1.053	0.697~1.351
	Quartile of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
	1. 1st Q ( ≤ 30.02)	1.250	0.827~1.888
	2. 2nd Q (31.02 < Q ≤ 44.11)	1.395	0.931~2.091
	3. 3rd Q (44.11 < Q ≤ 55.99)	1.216	0.804~1.838
	4. 4th Q ( > 55.99)	Ref
Model 2
	Age (years)	1.057	1.042~1.071
	Body mass index (kg/m²)	1.163	1.108~1.220
	Sex
	Men	Ref
	Women	1.015	0.679~1.518
	Quartile of urinary arsenic
	1. 1st Q ( ≤ 69.67)	Ref
	2. 2nd Q (69.67 < Q ≤ 114.86)	1.056	0.646~1.727
	3. 3rd Q (114.86 < Q ≤ 159.48)	1.200	0.742~1.940
	4. 4th Q ( > 159.48)	1.654	1.038~1.518
Model 3
	Age (years)	1.074	1.026~1.123
	Body mass index (kg/m²)	1.260	1.134~1.400
	Sex
	Men	Ref
	Women	0.776	0.239~2.519
	Combination of Vitamin D & AsU
	1. Vitamin D 4thQ + AsU 1stQ	Ref
	2. Vitamin D 1stQ + AsU 4thQ	3.023	1.004~9.105

#Covariates: residence location (urban or rural), season, education level, smoking & drinking status, regular exercise & walking and seafood consumption; Q, quartile; AsU, urinary arsenic (g/g creatinine).

ISSN: 2052-4374