Skip to main content

Table 6 Summary of risk measurement of the major cohort and case–control studies

From: The Relationship between the Occupational Exposure of Trichloroethylene and Kidney Cancer

Authors, (years) country

Study subjects/design

Exposure measurement

Overall OR or RR

ORs or RRs according to exposure level

Moore et al. (2010)[24] Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Russia

Hospitals in 4 European countries (n = 1,097), 1999–2003; hospital controls with diagnoses unrelated to smoking or genitourinary disorders (n = 1,476)/case–control

Specialized job-specific questionnaire for specific jobs or industries of interest focused on TCE with exposure assignment by frequency and confidence of TCE exposure

1.63 (1.04–2.54) for all subjects 2.05 (1.13–3.73) for high-confidence assessments only

Duration

<13.5 yrs: 1.89 (0.84–4.28)

≥13.5 yrs: 2.25 (0.95–5.29)

<1080 hrs: 1.22 (0.48–3.12)

≥1080 hrs: 2.86 (1.31–6.23)

Cumulative

<1.58 ppm·yr: 1.77 (0.64–4.80)

≥1.58 ppm·yr: 2.23 (1.07–4.64)

Average intensity

<0.076 ppm: 1.73 (0.75–4.02)

≥0.076 ppm: 2.41 (1.05–5.56)

*reference group: non-exposed

Chabotel et al. (2006)[25] France

RCC (n = 87), from urologists’ files and area teaching hospitals, 1993–2003; urologist or general practitioner patient controls (n = 316)/case–control

Semi-quantitative cumulative TCE exposure and presence/absence of peak TCE exposure assigned to subjects using a JEM designed using information obtained from questionnaires and routine atmospheric monitoring of workshops or biological monitoring (U-TCA) of workers carried out since the 1960s.

1.64 (0.95–2.84) for full study; 1.68 (0.97–2.91) with 10-yr lag

High cumulative level: 3.34 (1.27–8.74)

ppm·yrs

1–154: 0.85 (0.10–7.41)

155–335: 1.03 (0.29–3.70)

>335: 3.34 (1.27–8.74)

peak + cumulative level

(-)/low-medium: 0.90 (0.27–3.01)

(+)/low-medium: 1.34 (0.13–14.0)

(-)/high: 2.74 (0.66–11.4)

(+)/high: 3.80 (1.27–11.4)

with 10-yr lag

high: 2.16 (1.01–4.65)

+peaks: 3.15 (1.19–8.38)

Zhao et al. (2005)[20] USA

Aerospace workers with >2 yrs of employment at Rockwell/Rocketdyne’s Santa Susana Field Laboratory, 1950–1993, follow up 1950–2001 (mortality, n = 6,044), 1988–2000 (incidence, n = 5,049) /cohort

Using job titles, job codes, dates of employment related with JEM and calculated cumulative intensity scores

 

mortality medium: 0.85 (0.15–4.93) & 1.69 (0.29–9.70) with 20-yrs lag

high: 0.96 (0.09–9.91) & 1.82 (0.09–38.6) with 20-yrs lag

incidence medium: 1.26 (0.26–6.14) & 1.19 (0.22–6.40) with 20-yrs lag

high: 7.71 (0.65–91.4) & 7.40 (0.47–116)

Brüning et al. (2003)[26] Germany

Histologically confirmed RCC (n = 134), from hospitals, 1992–2000; hospital controls (n = 401)/case–control

Self-reported exposure duration using JEM

2.47 (1.36–4.49)

<10 yr: 3.78 (1.54–9.28)

10-<20 yr: 3.78 (1.54–9.28)

≥20 yr: 2.69 (0.84–8.66)

Raaschou-Nielsen et al. (2003) Denmark

Blue-collar workers employed >1,968 at 347 TCE-using companies (n = 40,049; 14,360 with presumably higher-level exposure to TCE). Follow up to 1997/cohort

duration of employment, yrs of 1st employment at a TCE-using company, number of employees in the company

1.20 (0.94–1.50)

≥5 years all subject: 1.6 (1.1–2.2) in

subcohort with expected higher exposure levels: 1.7 (1.1–2.4)

Pesch et al. (2000)[27] Germany

Histologically confirmed RCC from hospitals (5 regions) (n = 935), 1991–1995; controls randomly selected from residency registries (n = 4,298)/case–control

TCE and other exposures assigned by questionnaire, assessed occupational history using job title (JEM approach)

1.24 (1.03–1.49)

substantial exposure

men: 1.3 (0.8–2.1)

women: 1.8 (0.6–5.0)

high exposure men: 1.1 (0.8–1.5)

women: 1.8 (0.6–1.9)

medium exposure

men: 1.3 (1.0–1.8)

women: 1.3 (0.7–2.6)

Morgan et al. (1998)[22] USA

Aerospace workers with >6 mths during 1950–1985 at Hughes (Tucson, AZ) (n = 20,503; 4,733 with TCE exposure), follow up 1950–19/cohort

TCE exposure intensity assigned using JEM.

1.14 (0.51–2.58)

High cumulative exposure score: 1.59 (0.68–3.71)