From: The Relationship between the Occupational Exposure of Trichloroethylene and Kidney Cancer
Authors, (years) country | Study subjects/design | Exposure measurement | Overall OR or RR | ORs or RRs according to exposure level |
---|---|---|---|---|
Moore et al. (2010)[24] Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Russia | Hospitals in 4 European countries (n = 1,097), 1999–2003; hospital controls with diagnoses unrelated to smoking or genitourinary disorders (n = 1,476)/case–control | Specialized job-specific questionnaire for specific jobs or industries of interest focused on TCE with exposure assignment by frequency and confidence of TCE exposure | 1.63 (1.04–2.54) for all subjects 2.05 (1.13–3.73) for high-confidence assessments only | Duration |
<13.5 yrs: 1.89 (0.84–4.28) | ||||
≥13.5 yrs: 2.25 (0.95–5.29) | ||||
<1080 hrs: 1.22 (0.48–3.12) | ||||
≥1080 hrs: 2.86 (1.31–6.23) | ||||
Cumulative | ||||
<1.58 ppm·yr: 1.77 (0.64–4.80) | ||||
≥1.58 ppm·yr: 2.23 (1.07–4.64) | ||||
Average intensity | ||||
<0.076 ppm: 1.73 (0.75–4.02) | ||||
≥0.076 ppm: 2.41 (1.05–5.56) | ||||
*reference group: non-exposed | ||||
Chabotel et al. (2006)[25] France | RCC (n = 87), from urologists’ files and area teaching hospitals, 1993–2003; urologist or general practitioner patient controls (n = 316)/case–control | Semi-quantitative cumulative TCE exposure and presence/absence of peak TCE exposure assigned to subjects using a JEM designed using information obtained from questionnaires and routine atmospheric monitoring of workshops or biological monitoring (U-TCA) of workers carried out since the 1960s. | 1.64 (0.95–2.84) for full study; 1.68 (0.97–2.91) with 10-yr lag | High cumulative level: 3.34 (1.27–8.74) |
ppm·yrs | ||||
1–154: 0.85 (0.10–7.41) | ||||
155–335: 1.03 (0.29–3.70) | ||||
>335: 3.34 (1.27–8.74) | ||||
peak + cumulative level | ||||
(-)/low-medium: 0.90 (0.27–3.01) | ||||
(+)/low-medium: 1.34 (0.13–14.0) | ||||
(-)/high: 2.74 (0.66–11.4) | ||||
(+)/high: 3.80 (1.27–11.4) | ||||
with 10-yr lag | ||||
high: 2.16 (1.01–4.65) | ||||
+peaks: 3.15 (1.19–8.38) | ||||
Zhao et al. (2005)[20] USA | Aerospace workers with >2 yrs of employment at Rockwell/Rocketdyne’s Santa Susana Field Laboratory, 1950–1993, follow up 1950–2001 (mortality, n = 6,044), 1988–2000 (incidence, n = 5,049) /cohort | Using job titles, job codes, dates of employment related with JEM and calculated cumulative intensity scores | mortality medium: 0.85 (0.15–4.93) & 1.69 (0.29–9.70) with 20-yrs lag | |
high: 0.96 (0.09–9.91) & 1.82 (0.09–38.6) with 20-yrs lag | ||||
incidence medium: 1.26 (0.26–6.14) & 1.19 (0.22–6.40) with 20-yrs lag | ||||
high: 7.71 (0.65–91.4) & 7.40 (0.47–116) | ||||
Brüning et al. (2003)[26] Germany | Histologically confirmed RCC (n = 134), from hospitals, 1992–2000; hospital controls (n = 401)/case–control | Self-reported exposure duration using JEM | 2.47 (1.36–4.49) | <10 yr: 3.78 (1.54–9.28) |
10-<20 yr: 3.78 (1.54–9.28) | ||||
≥20 yr: 2.69 (0.84–8.66) | ||||
Raaschou-Nielsen et al. (2003) Denmark | Blue-collar workers employed >1,968 at 347 TCE-using companies (n = 40,049; 14,360 with presumably higher-level exposure to TCE). Follow up to 1997/cohort | duration of employment, yrs of 1st employment at a TCE-using company, number of employees in the company | 1.20 (0.94–1.50) | ≥5 years all subject: 1.6 (1.1–2.2) in |
subcohort with expected higher exposure levels: 1.7 (1.1–2.4) | ||||
Pesch et al. (2000)[27] Germany | Histologically confirmed RCC from hospitals (5 regions) (n = 935), 1991–1995; controls randomly selected from residency registries (n = 4,298)/case–control | TCE and other exposures assigned by questionnaire, assessed occupational history using job title (JEM approach) | 1.24 (1.03–1.49) | substantial exposure |
men: 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | ||||
women: 1.8 (0.6–5.0) | ||||
high exposure men: 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | ||||
women: 1.8 (0.6–1.9) | ||||
medium exposure | ||||
men: 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | ||||
women: 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | ||||
Morgan et al. (1998)[22] USA | Aerospace workers with >6 mths during 1950–1985 at Hughes (Tucson, AZ) (n = 20,503; 4,733 with TCE exposure), follow up 1950–19/cohort | TCE exposure intensity assigned using JEM. | 1.14 (0.51–2.58) | High cumulative exposure score: 1.59 (0.68–3.71) |