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Table 2 Variable differences by hospitalization, outpatient visits and pharmaceutical drug use

From: The association between concealing emotions at work and medical utilization in Korea

Variables

Hospitalization N(%)

Outpatients visits N(%)

Pharmaceutical drug use N(%)

Yes

No

P-value

Yes

No

P-value

Yes

No

P-value

Gender

Male

292 ( 7.6)

3542 (92.4)

0.006

737 (19.2)

3098 (80.8)

<0.001

863 (22.5)

2973 (77.5)

<0.001

 

Female

308 ( 9.5)

2946 (90.5)

 

900 (27.6)

2356 (72.4)

 

1019 (31.3)

2238 (68.7)

 

Age

20 ~ 29

107 ( 9.2)

1061 (90.8)

0.090

250 (21.4)

916 (78.6)

<0.001

329 (28.2)

839 (71.8)

0.001

 

30 ~ 39

196 ( 8.7)

2062 (91.3)

 

439 (19.4)

1820 (80.6)

 

535 (23.7)

1724 (76.3)

 
 

40 ~ 49

188 ( 7.4)

2345 (92.6)

 

598 (23.6)

1937 (76.4)

 

680 (26.8)

1855 (73.2)

 
 

50 ~ 54

109 ( 9.7)

1020 (90.3)

 

350 (30.9)

781 (69.1)

 

338 (29.9)

793 (70.1)

 

Alcohol intake*

Heavy drinking

100 ( 7.8)

1184 (92.2)

<0.001

245 (19.1)

1040 (80.9)

<0.001

308 (24.0)

977 (76.0)

0.001

 

Moderate drinking

255 ( 7.3)

3233 (92.7)

 

776 (22.2)

2712 (77.8)

 

899 (25.8)

2591 (74.2)

 
 

Non-drinking

245 (10.6)

2065 (89.4)

 

614 (26.6)

1698 (73.4)

 

673 (29.1)

1639 (70.9)

 

Smoking†

Current

165 ( 7.4)

2054 (92.6)

0.041

390 (17.6)

1829 (82.4)

<0.001

495 (22.3)

1726 (77.7)

<0.001

 

Never or past

434 ( 8.9)

4429 (91.1)

 

1245 (25.6)

3621 (74.4)

 

1385 (28.5)

3481 (71.5)

 

BMI‡

Low

23 ( 7.4)

287 (92.6)

0.485

74 (23.9)

236 (76.1)

0.082

92 (29.7)

218 (70.3)

0.341

 

Normal

365 ( 8.2)

4101 (91.8)

 

992 (22.2)

3477 (77.8)

 

1171 (26.2)

3300 (73.8)

 
 

Obese

201 ( 8.9)

2055 (91.1)

 

555 (24.6)

1701 (75.4)

 

611 (27.1)

1645 (72.9)

 

Work type

Paid worker

386 ( 8.3)

4292 (91.7)

0.381

1045 (22.3)

3635 (77.7)

0.038

1218 (26.0)

3462 (74.0)

0.174

 

Self-employed

214 ( 8.9)

2192 (91.1)

 

591 (24.6)

1816 (75.4)

 

664 (27.6)

1745 (72.4)

 

Work schedule

Shift worker

116 ( 8.4)

1268 (91.6)

0.971

300 (21.7)

1083 (78.3)

0.174

361 (26.1)

1023 (73.9)

0.686

 

Day worker

481 ( 8.5)

5207 (91.5)

 

1335 (23.5)

4357 (76.5)

 

1518 (26.7)

4175 (73.3)

 

Married

Yes

509 ( 8.9)

5220 (91.1)

0.024

1349 (23.5)

4383 (76.5)

0.058

1507 (26.3)

4226 (73.7)

0.362

 

No

91 ( 6.9)

1225 (93.1)

 

277 (21.0)

1039 (79.0)

 

363 (27.6)

954 (72.4)

 

Region

Urban

250 ( 7.9)

2925 (92.1)

0.117

737 (23.2)

2440 (76.8)

0.862

876 (27.6)

2300 (72.4)

0.076

 

Rural

350 ( 8.9)

3563 (91.1)

 

900 (23.0)

3014 (77.0)

 

1006 (25.7)

2911 (74.3)

 

Income§

High

317 ( 8.7)

3310 (91.3)

0.513

842 (23.2)

2788 (76.8)

0.990

916 (25.2)

2714 (74.8)

0.009

 

Low

278 ( 8.3)

3082 (91.7)

 

778 (23.2)

2582 (76.8)

 

942 (28.0)

2420 (72.0)

 

Education||

Middle school or lower

131 (10.2)

1154 (89.8)

0.040

388 (30.1)

899 (69.9)

<0.001

402 (31.2)

885 (68.8)

<0.001

 

High school

238 ( 7.9)

2783 (92.1)

 

645 (21.3)

2377 (78.7)

 

790 (26.1)

2233 (73.9)

 
 

College or higher

230 ( 8.3)

2551 (91.7)

 

604 (21.7)

2177 (78.3)

 

690 (24.8)

2092 (75.2)

 

Public insurance

National health insurance

589 ( 8.5)

6341 (91.5)

0.658

1587 (22.9)

5346 (77.1)

0.018

1830 (26.4)

5105 (73.6)

0.111

 

National medical protection

11 ( 9.9)

100 (90.1)

 

38 (34.2)

73 (65.8)

 

37 (33.3)

74 (66.7)

 
 

Nothing

0 ( 0.0)

6 (100.0)

 

1 (16.7)

5 (83.3)

 

3 (50.0)

3 (50.0)

 

Additional private insurance

Yes

511 ( 8.7)

5335 (91.3)

0.153

1376 (23.5)

4474 (76.5)

0.048

1566 (26.8)

4284 (73.2)

0.399

 

No

80 ( 7.4)

1006 (92.6)

 

225 (20.7)

861 (79.3)

 

277 (25.5)

810 (74.5)

 

Chronic disease

Yes

314 ( 9.6)

2962 (90.4)

0.002

976 (29.8)

2303 (70.2)

<0.001

1060 (32.3)

2219 (67.7)

<0.001

 

No

286 ( 7.5)

3526 (92.5)

 

661 (17.3)

3151 (82.7)

 

822 (21.6)

2992 (78.4)

 
  1. *Heavy drinkers were those who consumed an average of ≥7 units of alcohol for men and ≥5 units for women ≥ 2 days/week. Moderate drinkers included those who consumed more than one glass of alcohol per month over the past year, and non-drinkers included those who never drink or drank less than one glass of alcohol per month over the past year.
  2. †Current smokers or never/past smokers.
  3. ‡Body mass index (BMI) was categorized into three groups as low weight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2), and obese (BMI > 25 kg/m2).
  4. §Household income was estimated using the quadrants provided by the KNHANES and relabeled as high and low, which includes the top two an bottom two quadrants, respectively.
  5. ||Education was divided among those who only completed middle school or less, those who only graduated from high school or completed some high school, and those who attended college or higher.
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

ISSN: 2052-4374

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