From: The association between concealing emotions at work and medical utilization in Korea
Variables | Hospitalization N(%) | Outpatients visits N(%) | Pharmaceutical drug use N(%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | P-value | Yes | No | P-value | Yes | No | P-value | ||
Gender | Male | 292 ( 7.6) | 3542 (92.4) | 0.006 | 737 (19.2) | 3098 (80.8) | <0.001 | 863 (22.5) | 2973 (77.5) | <0.001 |
 | Female | 308 ( 9.5) | 2946 (90.5) |  | 900 (27.6) | 2356 (72.4) |  | 1019 (31.3) | 2238 (68.7) |  |
Age | 20 ~ 29 | 107 ( 9.2) | 1061 (90.8) | 0.090 | 250 (21.4) | 916 (78.6) | <0.001 | 329 (28.2) | 839 (71.8) | 0.001 |
 | 30 ~ 39 | 196 ( 8.7) | 2062 (91.3) |  | 439 (19.4) | 1820 (80.6) |  | 535 (23.7) | 1724 (76.3) |  |
 | 40 ~ 49 | 188 ( 7.4) | 2345 (92.6) |  | 598 (23.6) | 1937 (76.4) |  | 680 (26.8) | 1855 (73.2) |  |
 | 50 ~ 54 | 109 ( 9.7) | 1020 (90.3) |  | 350 (30.9) | 781 (69.1) |  | 338 (29.9) | 793 (70.1) |  |
Alcohol intake* | Heavy drinking | 100 ( 7.8) | 1184 (92.2) | <0.001 | 245 (19.1) | 1040 (80.9) | <0.001 | 308 (24.0) | 977 (76.0) | 0.001 |
 | Moderate drinking | 255 ( 7.3) | 3233 (92.7) |  | 776 (22.2) | 2712 (77.8) |  | 899 (25.8) | 2591 (74.2) |  |
 | Non-drinking | 245 (10.6) | 2065 (89.4) |  | 614 (26.6) | 1698 (73.4) |  | 673 (29.1) | 1639 (70.9) |  |
Smoking†| Current | 165 ( 7.4) | 2054 (92.6) | 0.041 | 390 (17.6) | 1829 (82.4) | <0.001 | 495 (22.3) | 1726 (77.7) | <0.001 |
 | Never or past | 434 ( 8.9) | 4429 (91.1) |  | 1245 (25.6) | 3621 (74.4) |  | 1385 (28.5) | 3481 (71.5) |  |
BMI‡ | Low | 23 ( 7.4) | 287 (92.6) | 0.485 | 74 (23.9) | 236 (76.1) | 0.082 | 92 (29.7) | 218 (70.3) | 0.341 |
 | Normal | 365 ( 8.2) | 4101 (91.8) |  | 992 (22.2) | 3477 (77.8) |  | 1171 (26.2) | 3300 (73.8) |  |
 | Obese | 201 ( 8.9) | 2055 (91.1) |  | 555 (24.6) | 1701 (75.4) |  | 611 (27.1) | 1645 (72.9) |  |
Work type | Paid worker | 386 ( 8.3) | 4292 (91.7) | 0.381 | 1045 (22.3) | 3635 (77.7) | 0.038 | 1218 (26.0) | 3462 (74.0) | 0.174 |
 | Self-employed | 214 ( 8.9) | 2192 (91.1) |  | 591 (24.6) | 1816 (75.4) |  | 664 (27.6) | 1745 (72.4) |  |
Work schedule | Shift worker | 116 ( 8.4) | 1268 (91.6) | 0.971 | 300 (21.7) | 1083 (78.3) | 0.174 | 361 (26.1) | 1023 (73.9) | 0.686 |
 | Day worker | 481 ( 8.5) | 5207 (91.5) |  | 1335 (23.5) | 4357 (76.5) |  | 1518 (26.7) | 4175 (73.3) |  |
Married | Yes | 509 ( 8.9) | 5220 (91.1) | 0.024 | 1349 (23.5) | 4383 (76.5) | 0.058 | 1507 (26.3) | 4226 (73.7) | 0.362 |
 | No | 91 ( 6.9) | 1225 (93.1) |  | 277 (21.0) | 1039 (79.0) |  | 363 (27.6) | 954 (72.4) |  |
Region | Urban | 250 ( 7.9) | 2925 (92.1) | 0.117 | 737 (23.2) | 2440 (76.8) | 0.862 | 876 (27.6) | 2300 (72.4) | 0.076 |
 | Rural | 350 ( 8.9) | 3563 (91.1) |  | 900 (23.0) | 3014 (77.0) |  | 1006 (25.7) | 2911 (74.3) |  |
Income§ | High | 317 ( 8.7) | 3310 (91.3) | 0.513 | 842 (23.2) | 2788 (76.8) | 0.990 | 916 (25.2) | 2714 (74.8) | 0.009 |
 | Low | 278 ( 8.3) | 3082 (91.7) |  | 778 (23.2) | 2582 (76.8) |  | 942 (28.0) | 2420 (72.0) |  |
Education|| | Middle school or lower | 131 (10.2) | 1154 (89.8) | 0.040 | 388 (30.1) | 899 (69.9) | <0.001 | 402 (31.2) | 885 (68.8) | <0.001 |
 | High school | 238 ( 7.9) | 2783 (92.1) |  | 645 (21.3) | 2377 (78.7) |  | 790 (26.1) | 2233 (73.9) |  |
 | College or higher | 230 ( 8.3) | 2551 (91.7) |  | 604 (21.7) | 2177 (78.3) |  | 690 (24.8) | 2092 (75.2) |  |
Public insurance | National health insurance | 589 ( 8.5) | 6341 (91.5) | 0.658 | 1587 (22.9) | 5346 (77.1) | 0.018 | 1830 (26.4) | 5105 (73.6) | 0.111 |
 | National medical protection | 11 ( 9.9) | 100 (90.1) |  | 38 (34.2) | 73 (65.8) |  | 37 (33.3) | 74 (66.7) |  |
 | Nothing | 0 ( 0.0) | 6 (100.0) |  | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) |  | 3 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) |  |
Additional private insurance | Yes | 511 ( 8.7) | 5335 (91.3) | 0.153 | 1376 (23.5) | 4474 (76.5) | 0.048 | 1566 (26.8) | 4284 (73.2) | 0.399 |
 | No | 80 ( 7.4) | 1006 (92.6) |  | 225 (20.7) | 861 (79.3) |  | 277 (25.5) | 810 (74.5) |  |
Chronic disease | Yes | 314 ( 9.6) | 2962 (90.4) | 0.002 | 976 (29.8) | 2303 (70.2) | <0.001 | 1060 (32.3) | 2219 (67.7) | <0.001 |
 | No | 286 ( 7.5) | 3526 (92.5) |  | 661 (17.3) | 3151 (82.7) |  | 822 (21.6) | 2992 (78.4) |  |