Table 2 Discriptive statistics for urine and blood cadmium levels in study participants

Age group

40–49

90(12.5)

1.66 ± 1.23

1.55(1.38–1.74)

1.46 ± 0.84

1.35(1.23–1.48)

50–59

237(33.0)

2.18 ± 1.64

1.91(1.78–2.09)

1.66 ± 0.85

1.51(1.45–1.62)

60–69

392(54.5)

2.49 ± 2.61

0.004

2.04(1.91–2.14)

0.003

1.79 ± 1.04

0.009

1.66(1.58–1.74)

0.001

Gender

Male

489(68.0)

2.13 ± 2.18

1.82(1.74–1.91)

1.73 ± 0.97

1.62(1.55–1.70)

Female

230(32.0)

2.63 ± 2.21

0.005

2.14(2.00–2.34)

<0.001

1.64 ± 0.95

0.254

1.48(1.41–1.58)

0.065

Region

High exposure

267(37.1)

2.52 ± 2.80

2.04(1.86–2.19)

1.88 ± 0.90

1.74(1.66–1.82)

Low exposure

452(62.9)

2.15 ± 1.75

0.049

1.86(1.74–1.95)

0.039

1.60 ± 0.99

<0.001

1.48(1.41–1.55)

<0.001

BMI

<25

412(57.3)

2.37 ± 2.46

2.00(1.86–2.09)

1.79 ± 1.05

1.62(1.55–1.70)

≥25

307(42.7)

2.17 ± 1.81

0.226

1.86(1.70–2.00)

0.076

1.59 ± 0.83

0.006

1.51(1.41–1.58)

0.026

Diabetes

Non-diabetes

561(78.0)

2.16 ± 1.70

1.86(1.78–1.95)

1.70 ± 0.95

1.58(1.51–1.62)

Diabetes

158(22.0)

2.72 ± 3.41

0.049

2.14(1.95–2.40)

0.009

1.70 ± 1.02

0.926

1.58(1.48–1.70)

0.955

Smoking

Non smoker

247(34.4)

2.51 ± 2.82

2.09(1.91–2.29)

1.52 ± 0.94

1.45(1.35–1.51)

Ex-smoker

170(27.3)

2.10 ± 1.78

1.78(1.62–1.95)

1.53 ± 0.69

1.45(1.38–1.55)

Current smoker

302(42.0)

2.21 ± 1.81

0.138

1.91(1.78–2.04)

0.083

1.95 ± 1.06

<0.001

1.77(1.66–1.86)

<0.001

Alcohol consumption

Non-drinker

248(34.6)

2.57 ± 2.76

2.09(1.91–2.29)

1.69 ± 0.90

1.55(1.45–1.62)

Ex-drinker

96(13.4)

2.33 ± 1.79

2.04(1.78–2.29)

1.42 ± 0.80

1.38(1.26–1.51)

Current drinker

374(52.0)

2.09 ± 1.84

0.028

1.78(1.70–1.91)

0.013

1.79 ± 1.03

0.004

1.66(1.55–1.74)

0.009

Family income (won)

≤500,000

342(47.6)

2.40 ± 2.24

1.95(1.78–2.09)

1.71 ± 1.00

1.58(1.51–1.66)

500,000–1,000,000

147(20.4)

2.15 ± 1.56

1.95(1.78–2.14)

1.84 ± 0.98

1.70(1.55–1.82)

1,000,000–1,500,000

105(14.6)

2.12 ± 1.50

1.86(1.66–0.29)

1.60 ± 1.00

1.51(1.38–1.66)

>1,500,000

125(17.4)

2.29 ± 3.09

0.569

1.91(1.74–2.14)

0.939

1.62 ± 0.80

0.177

1.48(1.38–1.62)

0.164

Menopausal status ( only female)

Yes

193(83.9)

2.70 ± 1.54

2.19(2.00–2.40)

1.65 ± 0.96

1.51(1.41–1.62)

No

37(16.1)

2.27 ± 2.32

0.285

2.04(1.66–2.51)

0.534

1.59 ± 0.96

0.736

1.45(1.20–1.70)

0.653