Table 1 General and occupational characteristics of the individuals according to perceived discrimination
Male (N = 22,020) | Female (N = 13,510) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived discrimination | Perceived discrimination | |||||
N (%) | No (%) | Yes (%) | N (%) | No (%) | Yes (%) | |
General characteristics | ||||||
Age (years) | ||||||
20–29 | 2331 (11.6) | 2050 (87.9) | 281 (12.1)* | 2767 (20.5) | 2410 (87.1) | 357 (12.9) |
30–39 | 6456 (32.2) | 5749 (89.0) | 707 (11.0) | 4123 (30.5) | 3556 (86.2) | 567 (13.8) |
40–49 | 5963 (29.8) | 5335 (89.5) | 628 (10.5) | 4006 (29.7) | 3472 (86.7) | 534 (13.3) |
50–59 | 3718 (18.6) | 3258 (87.6) | 460 (12.4) | 1806 (13.4) | 1572 (87.1) | 234 (12.9) |
≥ 60 | 1552 (7.8) | 1345 (86.7) | 207 (13.3) | 808 (6.0) | 697 (86.3) | 111 (13.7) |
Education | ||||||
Middle school or below | 1688 (8.4) | 1432 (84.8) | 256 (15.2)* | 1520 (11.3) | 1311 (86.2) | 210 (13.8)* |
High school | 7214 (36.0) | 6373 (88.3) | 841 (11.7) | 4941 (36.6) | 4336 (87.8) | 605 (12.2) |
Collegea | 3234 (16.2) | 2812 (87.0) | 422 (13.0) | 2873 (21.3) | 2473 (86.1) | 400 (13.9) |
University or above | 7884 (39.4) | 7120 (90.3) | 764 (9.7) | 4176 (30.9) | 3587 (85.9) | 588 (14.1) |
Alcohol drinking | ||||||
No | 2751 (13.7) | 2414 (87.7) | 337 (12.3) | 4605 (34.1) | 4066 (88.3) | 539 (11.7)* |
Yes | 17,269 (86.3) | 15,323 (88.7) | 1946 (11.3) | 8905 (65.9) | 7642 (85.8) | 1263 (14.2) |
Smoking | ||||||
Nonsmoker | 5875 (29.3) | 5196 (88.4) | 679 (11.6) | 12,304 (91.1) | 10,755 (87.4) | 1549 (12.6)* |
Ex-smoker | 3380 (16.9) | 3009 (89.0) | 371 (11.0) | 407 (3.0) | 343 (84.3) | 64 (15.7) |
Current smoker | 10,765 (53.8) | 9532 (88.5) | 1233 (11.5) | 799 (5.9) | 609 (76.3) | 190 (23.8) |
Occupational characteristics | ||||||
Employment status | ||||||
Regular worker | 16,983 (84.8) | 15,188 (89.4) | 1795 (10.6)* | 10,454 (77.4) | 9095 (87.0) | 1359 (13.0) |
Temporary worker | 1933 (9.7) | 1691 (87.5) | 242 (12.5) | 2421 (17.9) | 2062 (85.2) | 359 (14.8) |
Day laborer | 1104 (5.5) | 858 (77.7) | 246 (22.3) | 635 (4.7) | 551 (86.8) | 84 (13.2) |
Occupation type | ||||||
Management/professional | 3835 (19.2) | 3429 (89.4) | 406 (10.6)* | 3424 (25.3) | 2941 (85.9) | 483 (14.1)* |
Office work | 5104 (25.5) | 4580 (89.7) | 524 (10.3) | 3252 (24.1) | 2790 (85.8) | 462 (14.2) |
Service/sales | 2444 (12.2) | 2202 (90.1) | 242 (9.9) | 4040 (29.9) | 3569 (88.3) | 471 (11.7) |
Technical | 6009 (30.0) | 5343 (88.9) | 666 (11.1) | 948 (7.0) | 824 (86.9) | 124 (13.1) |
Simple labor | 2628 (13.1) | 2184 (83.1) | 444 (16.9) | 1846 (13.7) | 1583 (85.8) | 263 (14.2) |
Income (/10,000/month) | ||||||
< 150 | 2809 (14.0) | 2401 (85.5) | 408 (14.5)* | 6064 (44.9) | 5358 (88.4) | 706 (11.6)* |
150–199 | 3626 (18.1) | 3110 (85.8) | 516 (14.2) | 3435 (25.4) | 2977 (86.7) | 458 (13.3) |
200–299 | 7078 (35.4) | 6311 (89.2) | 767 (10.8) | 2634 (19.5) | 2231 (84.7) | 403 (15.3) |
≥ 300 | 6508 (32.5) | 5916 (90.9) | 592 (9.1) | 1377 (10.2) | 1142 (82.9) | 235 (17.1) |
Number of employees | ||||||
< 5 | 3342 (16.7) | 3023 (90.5) | 319 (9.5)* | 3923 (29.0) | 3560 (90.7) | 363 (9.3)* |
5–49 | 10,557 (52.7) | 9283 (87.9) | 1274 (12.1) | 7045 (52.1) | 6044 (85.8) | 1001 (14.2) |
50–299 | 4067 (20.3) | 3579 (88.0) | 488 (12.0) | 1984 (14.7) | 1653 (83.3) | 331 (16.7) |
≥ 300 | 2054 (10.3) | 1852 (90.2) | 202 (9.8) | 558 (4.1) | 450 (80.6) | 108 (19.4) |
Tenure (years) | ||||||
< 2 | 6007 (30.0) | 5256 (87.5) | 751 (12.5)* | 6405 (47.4) | 5579 (87.1) | 826 (12.9) |
2–4 | 4840 (24.2) | 4257 (88.0) | 583 (12.0) | 4037 (29.9) | 3474 (86.1) | 563 (13.9) |
5–9 | 4391 (21.9) | 3928 (89.5) | 463 (10.5) | 1991 (14.7) | 1719 (86.3) | 272 (13.7) |
≥ 10 | 4782 (23.9) | 4296 (89.8) | 486 (10.2) | 1077 (8.0) | 935 (86.8) | 142 (13.2) |
Working hours (/week) | ||||||
≤ 40 | 7285 (36.4) | 6616 (90.8) | 669 (9.2)* | 6139 (45.4) | 5355 (87.2) | 784 (12.8)* |
41–48 | 4403 (22.0) | 3921 (89.1) | 482 (10.9) | 3111 (23.0) | 2724 (87.6) | 387 (12.4) |
49–60 | 6248 (31.2) | 5409 (86.6) | 839 (13.4) | 3327 (24.6) | 2843 (85.4) | 484 (14.6) |
> 60 | 2084 (10.4) | 1792 (86.0) | 292 (14.0) | 933 (6.9) | 786 (84.3) | 147 (15.7) |
Shift work | ||||||
No | 17,673 (88.3) | 15,697 (88.8) | 1976 (11.2)* | 12,688 (93.9) | 11,047 (87.1) | 1641 (12.9)* |
Yes | 2347 (11.7) | 2040 (86.9) | 307 (13.1) | 822 (6.1) | 660 (80.3) | 162 (19.7) |