The association between long working hours and hearing impairment in noise unexposed workers: data from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2010–2012)

Park, Jung-Woo; Park, Jin-Soo; Kim, Seyoung; Park, Minkyu; Choi, Hyunrim; Lim, Sinye

doi:10.1186/s40557-016-0140-1

Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Table 4 Characteristics by hearing impairment in female subjects

From: The association between long working hours and hearing impairment in noise unexposed workers: data from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2010–2012)

Variables	Low frequency hearing threshold				High frequency hearing threshold
Variables	Normal^a	Impaired^a	Rate^b	p-value^c	Normal^a	Impaired^a	Rate^b	p-value^c
Total	1702929	46659	2.7 %		1555827	193761	11.1 %
Age
25–34	630799	5583	0.9 %	< 0.001	631885	4497	0.7 %	< 0.001
35–44	566561	10259	1.8 %		542400	34420	6.0 %
45–54	374768	13832	3.6 %		300648	87951	22.6 %
55–64	130801	16985	11.5 %		80894	66892	45.3 %
BMI (kg/m²)
Underweight	129378	3565	2.7 %	0.119	126952	5992	4.5 %	0.292
Normal	1247967	41229	3.2 %		1134145	155051	12.0 %
Obese	325584	1864	0.6 %		294730	32718	10.0 %
Education
≤ Middle school	188166	23009	10.9 %	< 0.001	138642	72534	34.3 %	< 0.001
High school	686690	15105	2.2 %		616569	85226	12.1 %
≥ College	828073	8545	1.0 %		800616	36002	4.3 %
Marital status
Never married	414719	3446	0.8 %	0.125	416248	1916	0.5 %	< 0.001
Married	1123927	39277	3.4 %		1002594	160611	13.8 %
Others	164283	3936	2.3 %		136984	31234	18.6 %
Household income
Low	86509	2131	2.4 %	0.985	76211	12429	14.0 %	0.901
Mid-low	376350	10639	2.7 %		340629	46359	12.0 %
Mid-high	628839	18711	2.9 %		581604	65946	10.2 %
High	611231	15178	2.4 %		557382	69027	11.0 %
Smoking
Non-smoker	1526154	40625	2.6 %	0.455	1399823	166956	10.7 %	0.482
Ex-smoker	67787	0	0.0 %		61194	6593	9.7 %
Current smoker	108988	6033	5.2 %		94810	20212	17.6 %
Alcohol
None	320909	15928	4.7 %	0.190	283099	53737	16.0 %	0.044
Light drinker	1269704	26496	2.0 %		1159958	136243	10.5 %
Heavy drinker	112316	4235	3.6 %		112770	3781	3.2 %
Exercise
No	1417873	40208	2.8 %	0.663	1293030	165051	11.3 %	0.664
Yes	285056	6451	2.2 %		262797	28710	9.8 %
Occupation
Non-manual	1432594	23414	1.6 %	< 0.001	1348346	107663	7.4 %	< 0.001
Manual	270335	23244	7.9 %		207481	86098	29.3 %
Shift work
No	1402762	39457	2.7 %	0.780	1301174	141045	9.8 %	0.041
Yes	300167	7202	2.3 %		254653	52716	17.2 %
Weekly working hours
≤ 40	822475	13340	1.6 %	0.014	773741	62075	7.4 %	< 0.001
40 < x ≤ 48	442782	7511	1.7 %		412838	37454	8.3 %
48 < x ≤ 60	322857	15296	4.5 %		279331	58822	17.4 %
> 60	114816	10512	8.4 %		89917	35410	28.3 %

^aestimated population size
^bprevalence rate
^ctested by chi-square test

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ISSN: 2052-4374

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