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Table 1 Demographic distributions of the study subjects and urinary concentration of bisphenol A (μg/g creatinine) according to general characteristics

From: Relationship between dietary factors and bisphenol a exposure: the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014)

Category

Total

Male

Female

 

Total

Male

Female

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

p value*

GM (SE)

95% CI

p value

GM (SE)

95% CI

p value

GM (SE)

95% CI

p value

Total

5402 (100)

2488 (46.1)

2914 (53.9)

 

1.55 (1.01)

1.52–1.60

 

1.33 (1.02)

1.29–1.38

 

1.77 (1.02)

1.71–1.83

<0.001

Age

19–29

467 (8.6)

235 (9.4)

232 (8.0)

0.032

1.55 (1.05)

1.42–1.69

<0.001

1.34 (1.07)

1.18–1.52

0.021

1.79 (1.06)

1.59–2.02

0.003

(years)

30–39

909 (16.8)

400 (16.1)

509 (17.5)

 

1.57 (1.03)

1.49–1.70

 

1.34 (1.05)

1.23–1.46

 

1.79 (1.04)

1.65–1.94

 
 

40–49

1046 (19.4)

473 (19.0)

573 (19.7)

 

1.63 (1.03)

1.53–1.72

 

1.37 (1.05)

1.25–1.51

 

1.89 (1.04)

1.76–2.04

 
 

50–59

1207 (22.3)

524 (21.1)

683 (23.4)

 

1.67 (1.03)

1.58–1.77

 

1.47 (1.04)

1.35–1.59

 

1.85 (1.04)

1.72–1.98

 
 

60–69

1082 (20.0)

523 (21.0)

559 (19.2)

 

1.50 (1.03)

1.42–1.59

 

1.30 (1.04)

1.19–1.41

 

1.72 (1.04)

1.59–1.86

 
 

≥70

691 (12.8)

333 (13.4)

358 (12.3)

 

1.31 (1.04)

1.22–1.41

 

1.15 (1.05)

1.01–1.28

 

1.48 (1.05)

1.05–1.63

 

BMI

<18.5

139 (2.6)

45 (1.8)

94 (3.2)

<0.001

1.56 (1.08)

1.33–1.83

0.949

1.39 (1.16)

1.04–1.84

0.530

1.65 (1.10)

1.36–1.99

0.744

(kg/m2)

18.5–24.9

3138 (58.1)

1393 (56.0)

1745 (59.9)

 

1.55 (1.02)

1.50–1.60

 

1.31 (1.03)

1.24–1.38

 

1.77 (1.02)

1.70–1.85

 
 

≥25.0

2125 (39.3)

1050 (42.2)

1075 (36.9)

 

1.56 (1.02)

1.50–1.63

 

1.37 (1.03)

1.29–.1.45

 

1.78 (1.03)

1.68–1.88

 

Education

≤ Middle school

1811 (33.5)

673 (27.0)

1138 (39.1)

<0.001

1.52 (1.02)

1.45–1.59

0.171

1.33 (1.04)

1.24–1.43

0.904

1.64 (1.03)

1.56–1.73

0.001

High school

1655 (30.6)

764 (30.7)

891 (30.6)

 

1.61 (1.02)

1.54–1.69

 

1.32 (1.04)

1.23–1.41

 

1.91 (1.03)

1.80–2.03

 

≥ College

1936 (35.8)

1051 (42.2)

885 (30.4)

 

1.54 (1.02)

1.48–1.61

 

1.35 (1.03)

1.27–1.43

 

1.81 (1.03)

1.70–1.92

 

Marital

Single

568 (10.5)

319 (12.8)

249 (8.5)

<0.001

1.48 (1.04)

1.37–1.60

0.351

1.36 (1.06)

1.22–1.51

0.784

1.66 (1.06)

1.48–1.86

0.101

status

Married

4302 (79.6)

2053 (82.5)

2249 (77.2)

 

1.57 (1.01)

1.53–1.62

 

1.33 (1.02)

1.27–1.38

 

1.83 (1.02)

1.76–1.90

 
 

Others

532 (9.8)

116 (4.7)

416 (14.3)

 

1.50 (1.04)

1.38–1.62

 

1.40 (1.09)

1.18–.1.68

 

1.52 (1.05)

1.39–1.66

 

Household

1st quartile

1489 (27.6)

695 (27.9)

794 (27.2)

0.355

1.47 (1.03)

1.40–1.55

0.002

1.27 (1.04)

1.18–1.36

0.258

1.68 (1.03)

1.57–1.79

0.016

income

2nd quartile

2510 (46.5)

1168 (46.9)

1342 (46.1)

 

1.54 (1.02)

1.48–1.59

 

1.34 (1.03)

1.26–1.41

 

1.74 (1.03)

1.65–1.82

 
 

3rd quartile

1352 (25.0)

598 (24.0)

754 (25.9)

 

1.68 (1.03)

1.59–1.77

 

1.41 (1.04)

1.30–1.52

 

1.93 (1.03)

1.81–2.06

 
 

4th quartile

51 (0.9)

27 (1.1)

24 (0.8)

 

1.72 (1.14)

1.32–2.24

 

1.47 (1.21)

1.02–2.12

 

2.05 (1.21)

1.42–2.98

 

Smoking

None or Ex-smoker

4380 (81.1)

1579 (63.5)

2801 (96.1)

<0.001

1.61 (1.01)

1.56–1.65

<0.001

1.35 (1.02)

1.29–1.41

0.467

1.77 (1.02)

1.71–1.83

0.705

Current smoker

1022 (18.9)

909 (36.5)

113 (3.9)

 

1.35 (1.03)

1.27–1.43

 

1.31 (1.03)

1.23–1.39

 

1.71 (1.09)

1.44–2.03

 

Alcohol

None

2163 (40.0)

709 (28.5)

1454 (49.9)

<0.001

1.56 (1.02)

1.50–1.63

0.282

1.26 (1.04)

1.17–1.35

0.001

1.74 (1.02)

1.66–1.82

0.326

Light drinkera

2762 (51.1)

1393 (56.0)

1369 (47.0)

 

1.53 (1.02)

1.48–1.59

 

1.31 (1.03)

1.25–1.38

 

1.79 (1.03)

1.71–1.88

 

Heavy drinkerb

477 (8.8)

386 (15.5)

91 (3.1)

 

1.65 (1.04)

1.51–1.80

 

1.58 (1.05)

1.43–1.74

 

1.98 (1.10)

1.64–2.40

 

Exercise

No

3918 (72.5)

1743 (70.1)

2175 (74.6)

<0.001

1.55 (1.02)

1.50–1.60

0.683

1.33 (1.02)

1.27–1.39

0.826

1.75 (1.02)

1.68–1.82

0.246

Yesc

1484 (27.5)

745 (29.9)

739 (25.4)

 

1.57 (1.03)

1.49–1.65

 

1.34 (1.04)

1.25–1.44

 

1.83 (1.03)

1.71–1.96

 
  1. *p value calculated by chi-square tests
  2. GM geometric mean/SE standard error/CI confidence Interval
  3. Light drinkera: drinking less than heavy drinker/Heavy drinkerb: drinking ≥3 times a week and ≥7 glasses per occasion for male (≥5 glasses for female)
  4. Exercisec: exercising ≥3 times a week over 20 min and sweating during workout