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Table 2 Urinary geometric mean (GM) concentration of bisphenol A (μg/g creatinine) according to variable categorized by dietary factors

From: Relationship between dietary factors and bisphenol a exposure: the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014)

 

Male

Female

 

Crude

Adjusteda

Crude

Adjusteda

Category

n (%)

GM (SE)

95% CI

p value

GM (SE)

95% CI

p value

n (%)

GM (SE)

95% CI

p value

GM (SE)

95% CI

p value

At-home drinking water

 Filtered water

972 (39.1)

1.30 (1.03)

1.22–1.38

0.141

1.29 (1.03)

1.21–1.37

0.102a

1180 (40.5)

1.78 (1.03)

1.71–1.85

0.037

1.81 (1.03)

1.74–1.88

0.011*

 Tap or boiled water

907 (36.5)

1.30 (1.03)

1.23–1.40

 

1.31 (1.03)

1.22–1.39

 

1172 (40.2)

1.67 (1.03)

1.60–1.74

 

1.68 (1.03)

1.63–1.77

 

 Bottled water

309 (12.4)

1.48 (1.06)

1.29–1.66

 

1.46 (1.06)

1.28–1.63

 

285 (9.8)

1.89 (1.06)

1.70–2.07

 

1.87 (1.06)

1.68–2.04

 

 Mineral or ground water

300 (12.1)

1.40 (1.06)

1.21–1.59

 

1.43 (1.06)

1.24–1.60

 

277 (9.5)

1.85 (1.06)

1.66–2.04

 

1.83 (1.06)

1.64–2.01

 

Canned food intake

 Rarely

1235 (49.6)

1.30 (1.02)

1.23–1.37

0.433

1.31 (1.02)

1.24–1.39

0.082b

1482 (50.9)

1.72 (1.02)

1.64–1.80

0.130

1.75 (1.02)

1.67–1.84

0.068†

 < Once a week

846 (34.0)

1.36 (1.03)

1.28–1.46

 

1.33 (1.03)

1.25–1.45

 

1006 (34.5)

1.81 (1.03)

1.71–1.92

 

1.78 (1.03)

1.72–1.93

 

 ≥ Once a week

407 (16.4)

1.37 (1.05)

1.25–1.51

 

1.36 (1.05)

1.23–1.49

 

426 (14.6)

1.86 (1.05)

1.70–2.03

 

1.80 (1.05)

1.64–1.97

 

Frozen food intake

 Rarely

1991 (80.0)

1.31 (1.02)

1.26–1.37

0.048

1.32 (1.02)

1.26–1.37

0.055c

2343 (80.4)

1.75 (1.02)

1.68–1.82

0.290

1.76 (1.02)

1.69–1.82

0.165‡

 < Once a week

334 (13.4)

1.37 (1.05)

1.23–1.52

 

1.35 (1.06)

1.13–1.53

 

406 (13.9)

1.85 (1.05)

1.69–2.02

 

1.77 (1.05)

1.61–1.95

 

 ≥ Once a week

163 (6.6)

1.57 (1.08)

1.35–1.82

 

1.53 (1.08)

1.33–1.82

 

165 (5.7)

1.86 (1.08)

1.62–2.14

 

1.81 (1.08)

1.57–2.10

 

Food container in refrigerator

 Glass or metal or porcelain ware

1096 (44.1)

1.34 (1.03)

1.26–1.42

0.483

1.33 (1.03)

1.26–1.42

0.159d

1338 (45.9)

1.49 (1.03)

1.41–1.56

0.060

1.49 (1.03)

1.41–1.57

0.036§

 Plastic ware

1283 (51.6)

1.32 (1.03)

1.25–1.39

 

1.32 (1.03)

1.25–1.39

 

1445 (49.6)

1.75 (1.02)

1.69–1.80

 

1.76 (1.02)

1.70–1.81

 

 Zip-top or plastic bag

109 (4.4)

1.48 (1.10)

1.23–1.78

 

1.48 (1.10)

1.23–1.78

 

131 (4.5)

1.82 (1.08)

1.52–2.11

 

1.81 (1.08)

1.50–2.10

 
  1. GM geometric mean
  2. SE Standard error
  3. CI Confidence Interval
  4. *Adjusted by age, alcohol, canned food intake, frozen food intake, and food container in refrigerator
  5. †Adjusted by age, alcohol, at-home drinking water, frozen food intake, and food container in refrigerator
  6. ‡Adjusted by age, alcohol, at-home drinking water, canned food intake, and food container in refrigerator
  7. §Adjusted by age, alcohol, at-home drinking water, canned food intake, and frozen food intake
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

ISSN: 2052-4374

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