The association between cadmium and lead exposure and blood pressure among workers of a smelting industry: a cross-sectional study

Table 4 Relationship between diastolic blood pressure and other independent variables

Independent variables	β coefficient (Standardized β coefficient)	95% CI	p-value
Age	0.202 (0.064)	0.075–0.328	0.002 ^†
BMI	0.950 (0.180)	0.597–1.303	< 0.001 ^†
Fasting blood glucose	0.062 (0.034)	- 0.006 – 0.129	0.074
Dyslipidemia (Yes vs. No)	0.167 (1.169)	- 2.134 – 2.469	0.886
High risk alcohol drinking habit (Yes vs. No)	- 0.919 (1.103)	- 3.090 – 1.251	0.405
Smoking status (Yes vs. No)	- 1.003 (1.129)	- 3.226 – 1.220	0.375
Adequate exercise (Yes vs. No)	- 0.615 (1.091)	- 2.762 – 1.532	0.573
Family history of hypertension (Yes vs. No)	4.796 (1.799)	1.254–8.337	0.008 ^†
Per doubling of blood cadmium^a	1.462 (0.668)	0.147–2.777	0.029 ^†
Per doubling of blood lead^a	- 1.182 (0.803)	- 2.763 – 0.399	0.142
R² = 0.238 (p < 0.001)

p - value was calculated by multiple linear regression analysis. ^alogarithm (base 2) transformation of blood cadmium or lead concentration. Those who were taking antihypertensive drugs were excluded. ^† p < 0.05

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