Total (n = 32,984) | Perceived discrimination | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Educational attainment | Employment type | ||||||||
N (%) | No (%) | Yes (%) | P-value* | No (%) | Yes (%) | P-value* | No (%) | Yes (%) | P-value* | |
General characteristics | ||||||||||
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 17,066 (51.7) | 16,137 (94.6) | 929 (5.4) | <0.001† | 16,166 (94.7) | 900 (5.3) | 0.692 | 16,415 (96.2) | 651 (3.8) | 0.795 |
Female | 15,918 (48.3) | 14,869 (93.4) | 1049 (6.6) | 15,094 (94.8) | 824 (5.2) | 15,303 (96.1) | 616 (3.9) | |||
Age (years) | ||||||||||
20–29 | 4331 (13.1) | 4094 (94.5) | 237 (5.5) | <0.001† | 4018 (92.8) | 314 (7.2) | <0.001† | 4104 (94.8) | 227 (5.2) | <0.001† |
30–39 | 8624 (26.1) | 8259 (95.8) | 365 (4.2) | 8113 (94.1) | 511 (5.9) | 8382 (97.2) | 242 (2.8) | |||
40–49 | 9678 (29.3) | 9199 (95.1) | 479 (4.9) | 9207 (95.1) | 471 (4.9) | 9370 (96.8) | 308 (3.2) | |||
50–59 | 6622 (20.1) | 6157 (93.0) | 465 (7.0) | 6331 (95.6) | 291 (4.4) | 6329 (95.6) | 293 (4.4) | |||
≥ 60 | 3729 (11.3) | 3296 (88.4) | 433 (11.6) | 3591 (96.3) | 139 (3.7) | 3533 (94.7) | 196 (5.3) | |||
Education | ||||||||||
Middle school or lower | 3739 (11.3) | 3342 (89.4) | 397 (10.6) | <0.001† | 3589 (96.0) | 149 (4.0) | <0.001† | 3535 (94.5) | 204 (5.5) | <0.001† |
High school | 11,975 (36.3) | 11,173 (93.3) | 802 (6.7) | 11,429 (95.4) | 546 (4.6) | 11,415 (95.3) | 559 (4.7) | |||
College | 4686 (14.2) | 4476 (95.5) | 210 (4.5) | 4449 (94.9) | 237 (5.1) | 4503 (96.1) | 183 (3.9) | |||
University or higher | 12,585 (38.2) | 12,014 (95.5) | 571 (4.5) | 11,793 (93.7) | 792 (6.3) | 12,265 (97.5) | 320 (2.5) | |||
Occupational characteristics | ||||||||||
Occupation type | ||||||||||
Management/professional | 5358 (16.2) | 5089 (95.0) | 269 (5.0) | <0.001† | 5035 (94.0) | 323 (6.0) | <0.001† | 5206 (97.1) | 153 (2.9) | <0.001† |
Office work | 9412 (28.5) | 9017 (95.8) | 395 (4.2) | 8765 (93.1) | 647 (6.9) | 9178 (97.5) | 234 (2.5) | |||
Service/sales | 8054 (24.4) | 7547 (93.7) | 507 (6.3) | 7716 (95.8) | 338 (4.2) | 7742 (96.1) | 312 (3.9) | |||
Technical | 5180 (15.7) | 4916 (94.9) | 264 (5.1) | 4972 (96.0) | 208 (4.0) | 4951 (95.6) | 229 (4.4) | |||
Simple labor | 4980 (15.1) | 4436 (89.1) | 544 (10.9) | 4772 (95.8) | 209 (4.2) | 4641 (93.2) | 339 (6.8) | |||
Monthly Income (10,000 won) | ||||||||||
< 130 | 6751 (20.5) | 6150 (91.1) | 601 (8.9) | <0.001† | 6533 (96.8) | 218 (3.2) | <0.001† | 6370 (94.4) | 381 (5.6) | <0.001† |
130–199 | 8463 (25.7) | 7857 (92.9) | 605 (7.1) | 7977 (94.3) | 486 (5.7) | 8056 (95.2) | 407 (4.8) | |||
200–299 | 9576 (29.0) | 9174 (95.8) | 402 (4.2) | 9081 (94.8) | 495 (5.2) | 9277 (96.9) | 299 (3.1) | |||
≥ 300 | 8195 (24.8) | 7824 (95.5) | 371 (4.5) | 7669 (93.6) | 525 (6.4) | 8016 (97.8) | 179 (2.2) | |||
Working hours (per week) | ||||||||||
≤ 40 | 17,367 (52.7) | 16,464 (94.8) | 911 (5.2) | <0.001† | 16,542 (95.2) | 826 (4.8) | <0.001† | 16,751 (96.5) | 616 (3.5) | <0.001† |
41–52 | 9627 (29.2) | 9054 (94.0) | 573 (6.0) | 9060 (94.1) | 567 (5.9) | 9298 (96.6) | 329 (3.4) | |||
53–60 | 4170 (12.6) | 3860 (92.6) | 310 (7.4) | 3833 (94.3) | 236 (5.7) | 3967 (95.1) | 203 (4.9) | |||
≥ 61 | 1820 (5.5) | 1635 (89.8) | 186 (10.2) | 1725 (94.7) | 96 (5.3) | 1702 (93.5) | 118 (6.5) | |||
Employment type | ||||||||||
Regular worker | 25,231 (76.5) | 23,936 (94.9) | 1295 (5.1) | <0.001† | 23,850 (94.5) | 1381 (5.5) | 0.001† | 24,521 (97.2) | 710 (2.8) | <0.001† |
Temporary worker | 5597 (17.0) | 5180 (92.5) | 417 (7.5) | 5342 (95.4) | 255 (4.6) | 5239 (93.6) | 358 (6.4) | |||
Day labor | 2157 (6.5) | 1889 (87.6) | 267 (12.4) | 2068 (95.9) | 89 (4.1) | 1958 (90.8) | 199 (9.2) |