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Table 1 General characteristics of all study participants (n = 3631)

From: Factors increasing the risk for psychosocial stress among Korean adults living in rural areas: using generalized estimating equations and mixed models

Variables

Mean ± SD or percentage(%)

p value

Preliminary survey (2005–2007)

Follow-up surveys (2008–2010)

n

%

n

%

Dependent variable

 PWI total score

18.74 ± 8.94

16.70 ± 9.59

<0.001 †

 PWI high risk group

18.9%

15.5%

<0.001 †

Lifestyle variables

 Sleep duration

    

0.035*

  6 to 9 h

3081

84.9

3162

87.1

 

  Less than 6 h

395

10.9

396

10.9

 

  More than 10 h

115

4.3

73

2.0

 

 Regular exercise

    

<0.001*

  Yes

1147

31.6

1256

34.6

 

  No

2484

68.4

2375

65.4

 

 Smoking

    

<0.001*

  Non-smoker

2211

60.9

2128

58.6

 

  Past smoker

821

22.6

947

26.1

 

  Current smoker

599

16.4

556

15.3

 

 Drinking alcohol

    

0.103*

  No

2102

57.9

2041

56.2

 

  Yes

1529

42.1

1590

43.8

 

Medical variables

 BMI (kg/m2)

24.65 ± 3.13

24.30 ± 3.19

0.281 †

 Chronic metabolic disease (number)

    

<0.001*

  0

2622

72.2

2394

66.9

 

  1

802

22.1

940

25.9

 

  2

174

4.8

243

6.7

 

  3 or more

33

0.9

54

1.5

 

Occupational variables

 Occupation class

    

0.013*

  Farmers, livestock farmers

1563

43.0

1516

41.8

 

  Blue-collar

609

16.8

587

16.2

 

  White-collar

397

10.9

397

10.9

 

  Housewives or unemployed

1062

29.3

1131

31.1

 

 Working hours per day

    

0.021*

  8 to 10 h

1030

28.4

1077

29.6

 

  Less than 8 h

529

14.6

555

15.3

 

  More than 10 h

1150

31.6

1098

30.3

 

  None

922

25.4

901

24.8

 

 Sedentary time at worka

    

<0.001*

  Less than 1 h per day

1018

39.8

1021

39.3

 

  1 to 5 h per day

939

36.6

921

35.4

 

  More than 5 h per day

603

23.6

658

25.3

 

Demographic variables

 Sex

     

  Male

1518

41.8

1518

41.8

 

  Female

2113

58.2

2113

58.2

 

 Age

55.32 ± 8.24

58.15 ± 8.19

0.011 †

  40–49 years

861

23.7

719

19.8

0.003*

  50–59 years

1336

36.8

1314

36.2

 

  ≥ 60 years

1434

39.5

1598

44.0

 

 Highest level of educationb

  Lower than elementary

1808

49.8

   

  Middle school

650

17.9

   

  High school

792

21.8

   

  Two-year college or higher

381

10.6

   

 Monthly incomeb

  < 1 million won

1565

43.1

   

  1–2 million won

1031

28.4

   

  2–3 million won

479

13.2

   

  > 3 million won

556

15.4

   

 Marital status

    

0.089*

  Spouse

3260

89.8

3210

88.4

 

  No spouse

371

10.2

421

11.6

 
  1. *by χ2-test
  2. †by paired T-test
  3. aHousewives and unemployed were excluded
  4. bHighest level of education and monthly income were not investigated in the follow-up survey