| GEE | Mixed model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | ß | 95% CI | |
Lifestyle variables | ||||
 Sleep durationa | ||||
  6 to 9 h | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  Less than 6 h | 1.503 | 1.241–1.821 | 2.393 | 1.947–2.839 |
  More than 10 h | 1.026 | 0.845–1.245 | 0.241 | −0.471-0.951 |
 Regular exercisea | ||||
  Yes | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  No | 1.327 | 1.136–1.550 | 1.686 | 1.358–2.014 |
 Smokinga | ||||
  Non-smoker | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  Past smoker | 1.195 | 0.928–1.537 | 0.540 | −0.187−1.273 |
  Current smoker | 1.329 | 1.069–1.652 | 1.545 | 1.040–2.050 |
 Drinking alcohola | ||||
  No | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  Yes | 0.980 | 0.842–1.140 | 0.179 | −0.115−0.473 |
Medical variables | ||||
 BMI (kg/m2) | 1.021 | 1.000–1.043 | −0.096 | −0.143−(−0.049) |
 Chronic metabolic disease (number)a | ||||
  0 | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  1 | 1.196 | 1.007–1.422 | 1.252 | 0.897–1.611 |
  2 | 1.511 | 1.177–1.940 | 2.386 | 1.822–2.950 |
  3 or more | 2.452 | 1.591–3.779 | 4.645 | 3.463–5.827 |
Occupational variables | ||||
 Occupation classa | ||||
  Farmers, livestock farmers | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  Blue-collar | 1.165 | 1.022–1.465 | 0.301 | 0.112–0.490 |
  White-collar | 1.031 | 0.817–1.301 | −0.512 | −1.152−0.128 |
  Housewives or unemployed | 0.846 | 0.707–1.012 | −0.336 | −0.887−0.215 |
 Working hours per daya | ||||
  8 to 10 h | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  Less than 8 h | 0.986 | 0.754–1.290 | −0.662 | −0.998−(−0.286) |
  More than 10 h | 1.181 | 1.006–1.417 | 0.255 | 0.054–0.451 |
  None | 0.942 | 0.705–1.257 | 0.559 | 0.050–1.068 |
Demographic variables | ||||
 Sexa | ||||
  Male | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  Female | 2.341 | 1.876–2.920 | 3.816 | 3.379–4.253 |
 Agea | ||||
  40–49 years | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  50–59 years | 1.134 | 0.918–1.399 | −0.115 | −0.093−0.323 |
  ≥ 60 years | 1.105 | 0.887–1.378 | 0.094 | −0.061−0.249 |
 Highest level of educationa | ||||
  Two-year college or higher | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  High school | 1.092 | 0.804–1.766 | 0.769 | 0.349–1.189 |
  Middle school | 1.603 | 1.075–2.389 | 1.141 | 0.708–1.574 |
  Lower than elementary | 1.909 | 1.291–2.822 | 1.477 | 0.893–2.062 |
 Monthly incomea | ||||
  > 3 million won | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  2–3 million won | 1.078 | 0.720–1.616 | 0.396 | −0.119−0.911 |
  1–2 million won | 1.662 | 1.185–2.331 | 0.988 | 0.589–1.387 |
  < 1 million won | 2.072 | 1.464–2.933 | 1.587 | 1.061–2.113 |
 Marital statusa | ||||
  Spouse | 1.000 |  |  |  |
  No spouse | 1.190 | 0.947–1.496 | 1.529 | 1.081–2.017 |