Table 2 Literature review for potential exposure while painting process in Korea 1989-2010

Kim et al. [24] 1989

Chemical manufacture (23 places)

Rubber manufacture(5)

Basic metal manufacture(40)

1.painting

2.spray/dry

Assembly metal product manufacture(112)

Other manufacture(5)

25, 35 unit: ppm

75, 125

32(20-50)

55

24.5 (7.5-100), 66 (25-175)

Values without range included

Kim et al. [25] 1991

Machinery maintenance

Painting (spray)

20.73 (13.97) ppm, 0.52 (0.23) g/L

Toluene dose in air and Urinary HA

Kim et al. [26] 1991

Vehicle maintenance (4 paintings)

Metal painting (7)

Wood furniture painting (26)

Instrument painting (7)

-organic solvent detection rate from thinner:

Toluene (76.4%)

- TLV excess

By paintings: Instrument painting (71.4%)

By components: PAHs (29.5%)

No comment for benzene

Available information of paint property, type of organic solvents detected from thinner, and their exposure level.

Jeong et al. [27] 1991

Surveillance program from 1st Jan1990 ~ 31th Dec 1990

404 workers from 5 Painting shops included

male more than 10 years

: 62.7%,

female 1-3 years 60.0%

Toluene

MEK

Acetone

MIBK

Methanol

Xylene

48.3 (10-85)

151.6 (124-178)

13.7 (8-21)

100 (100)

20.5 (12-21)

60.0 (20-80)

Lee et al. [28] 1992

Chemical fiber factory

2.953 (1.497), p < 0.01 unit: g/L

Relation between urinary MA and mental health

Kang et al. [29] 1993

-Low exposure: paint plant, instrument plant, leather plant

-Medium exposure: running shoes plant, shoes plant

-High exposure: shoes plant boat plant

Toluene level in air

< 10 ppm

10-50 ppm

> 50 ppm

Kim et al. [30] 1993

Furniture painting,

Metal painting

Toluene

mixture

urinary NAG

urinary MA

AM (SD), GM

furniture painting(n = 33); metal painting(n = 18)

Toluene: 30.1 (39.4), 18.3; 35.1 (21.0), 30.1

0.44 (0.55), 0.27; 0.46 (0.24). 0.41

Urinary NAG: 57.5 (31.11); 19.9 (19.7)

Urinary MA: 567.1 (721.9); 462.4 (342.7)

unit nmolMU/h of incubation/mg creatinine

no GM values of urinary NAG, urinary MA

Roh et al. [31] 1993

Vehicle manufacture (A), Auto mechanic (B)

m + p xylene,

o- xylene

Urinary MA, urinary m + p xylene

Urinary o-xylene

A (n = 151); B (n = 40)

Unit (g/L)

0.36 (0.33); 0.29 (0.21)

0.09 (0.12); 0.03 (0.03)

0.21 (0.16); 0.06 (0.08)

Relation between organic solvent component and health effect

Lee et al. [32] 1995

Painting procedure of fishing rod manufacture

p-xylene

m-xylene

o-xylene

toluene

3 places of painting a,b,c,

2.29 0.94 4.74

1.54 0.62 3.20

1.72 0.61 2.66

0.22 0.58 1.22

Surveillance by quantitative analysis of organic solvent

Choi et al. [4] 1997

Paint spray industry

Metal manufacture

Steel production for container manufacture usage

Total chrome

Hexavalent chrome

Exposure time AM: 0.264, PM: 0.318

Automatic spray: 0.001-0.060, Manual spray: 0.029-0.226 mg/m3

Information of perforation of nasal septum

Hong et al. [33] 1997

Shipbuilding painting

- spray (1-3)

- brush (4-6)

Volatile coal tar pitch

Worker 1. Worker 2. Worker 3.

0.15 0.12 0.14 (unit mg/m³)

Worker 4. Worker 5. Worker 6.

0.21 0.11 0.10 (unit mg/m³)

The relation between Coal tar included paint and phototoxic contact dermatitis

Paik et al. [34] 1998

Size of enterprise (large(L) medium (M), small (S))

(L) Elevator painting (17)

(M) Vehicle painting(56)

(S) Elevator painting (3)

244 samples

170 personal samples (PS)

74 areal samples (AS)

Exposure index

0.006 (1.25)

0.005 (1.50)

0.01 (4.00)

0.002 (2.00)

0.35 (1.20)

Shin et al. [5] 1999

Total 5 shipbuilding plant

Major organic solvent of paint, thinner, and binder

➔ xylene (60% of thinner, average: 67.1%) others: toluene, isopropanol, 2-metoxypropanol etc.,

xylene: included in every types of paints

toluene: amino included paint 10-20%, epoxy included paint 13.6%, vinyl included paint 14.3%

coal tar pitch: 40 types of paints included (13%)

lead chromate, zinc potassium chromate included paint: 8%

vehicle: epoxy resin(19.9%, mostly) > alkyd resin(16%) > acryl resin(14.2%)

Hazardous components of shipbuilding paint

Presentation of silica exposure

silica (silicon doxide) included in extender of 27 out of 309 paints (8.8%)

Won et al. [35] 1999

Metal manufacture 862 place, auto or ship mechanic 485

Electro device manufacture 454, chemical material manufacture 293

small company less than 50 workers

Organic solvent areal air sample

Total work hour in the organic solvent handling workplace: average 505 (8.4) (480-720 min)

Average time due to organic solvent usage 437 (28.7) (100-720 min)

practical estimate time of organic solvent: average 254 (288.8) (40-382 min)

Won et al. [36] 2000

Organic solvent

3280 work places

4181 work process

Highest frequency of all work processes

spray: ketone: 0.85 times, ester 0.66

brush: Ketone 0.72, Aliphatic hydrocarbon 0.33

mixed: ketone 0.9, Alcohol 0.53

Detection number per single sample according to work process

PAHs 1.14~ 2.39 times detected of all processes:

Joo et al. [37] 2000

Shipbuilding painting 674 workers

xyelne,

ethyl benzene, ethyl toluene

17 ppm

4 ppm

3 ppm

Koh et al. [38] 2001

Shipbuilding painting 28 workers

By process

-spray:10 workers

-brush: 18 workers

By sealing property

-inside of the block

-outside of the block

-in/outside

xylene

12.81 (3.03) unit ppm

11.82 (2.94)

- No. spray No. brush

6 41.68 (2.03) 27 15.49 (2.29)

3 5.16 (3.06) 9 2.77 (2.14)

21 10.38 (2.64) 18 16.78 (2.69)

Sample measurement 3 times relatively

Kwon et al. [39] 2001

Auto mechanic workplace (1)

Unit ppm

27.76 (15.79-35.36), 21.82 (11.71-28.83), 10.9696 (5.96-14.34)

6.91 (5.73-7.92)

24.54 (11.56-32.59), 17.86 (8.50-23.73),14.88 (7.48-19.12)

4.72 (1.10-11.57)

*different components between solvent- and water-based paints: more diverse organic solvents included in solvent based paint

Kim et al. [40] 2001

Paint remove process

Methylene chloride

Personal sample(n = 14) 30.40 (3.39)

Areal sample(n = 2) 2.24 unit ppm

Methylene chloride exposure of paint removal worker

Moon et al. [41] 2001

11 manufacture factories 1267 workers

Painting process (442 workers, 34.2% of total workers)

2.0 (3.0)

3.0 (1.5)

5.5 (4.4)

I-OHP level difference by process (u mol/mol creatinine)

Mixed solvents: used in 20 paint processes (average 12 types)

Jeon et al. [21] 2001

Coal tar pitch included paint

Manufacture factory(n = 4)

Shipbuilding plant(n = 4)

Steel pipe plant (n = 2)

PAHs in air

1-OHP

Before/after work

Shipbuilding: brush (n = 35) 12.66 (3.91)/29.06 (2.75)

Steel pipe: paint (n = 14) 28.88 (6.80)/78.90 (3.18)

Paint manufacture: mixing (n = 8) 1.83 (5.03)/1.96 (6.05)

PAHs level by industry (mg/m³):

Shipbuilding plant (n = 66) 0.092 (8.674)

Steel pipe plant (n = 20) 0.520 (2.741)

Paint manufacture (n = 25) 0.012 (3.685)

Park et al. [42] 2002

Instrument factory(n = 3), furniture factory(n = 1), other material factory(n = 1): all painting process

0.251 (4.4318)

0.2442 (9.2979)

0.3872 (2.5435)

Air level organic solvent

Cho et al. [43] 2002

Auto mechanics (n = 23/ 54 workers)

painting process

polishing / spraying

Average working year 11.4 yr.

polishing 3.8 h/day

spraying 2.1 h/day

dust

lead

Serum Lead

(unit mg/m³)

polishing 2.56 (0.73-10.13) 0.34 (0.44-0.91)

spraying 0.93 (0.27-2.09)

polishing 0.0021(N.D-0.0170) 0.0002 (N.D-0.0007)

spraying 0.0009 (N.D-0.0056)

3.5 (1.3-19.7) 1.4 (N.D-5.7)

*serum lead: workers performed polishing and spraying by daily work condition ➔ no distribution by process

Kim et al. [22] 2005

Coal tar included paint process (n = 10)

Exposure: 107 coal tar using workers

Controls:201 office workers

Coal tar paint used between 2001.05.29-2002.05.30

total PAHs

Urinary 1-OHP

Naphtol

Exposure (n = 201) Before;after work (umol/mol creatinine)

8.89 (5.23); 19.02 (5.23)

26.34 (1.89); 33.08 (2.14)

120.17μg/m3(6862.36)

*smoking history+

Smoking and PAH co-exposure: effect of 1-OHP seems to change depending on the level of PAHs

Lee et al. [23] 2005

Auto mechanics

putty process(n = 20, 43 workers: 2005.05-2005.09)

working process of each workers depended on daily working condition (no regular process)

total 49 samples

putty included

toluene

xylene

n-buthyl acetate

methyl isobutyl ketone

methyl ethyl ketone(MEK)

stylene

urinary MA,

urinary MA, urinary mandelic acid

0.45 (0.50) 2.5

0.10 (0.30) 1.5

52.0 (46.3) 0.8

3.00 (2.45) 100

2.81 (2.26) 100

2.16 (1.59) 150

0.78 (0.42) 50

0.91 (0.29) 200

0.48 (0.50) 50

Lee et al. [44] 2005

Paint manufacture (n = 5) (coal tar included)

Steel pipe (n = 2) (painting of steel pipe after melting solid coal tar enamel)

44 workers

13.57 (9.413)

11.89 (6.823)

2.33 (4.409)

51.63 (3.144)

urinary I-OHP was 22 times high in workers of steel pipe painting than of paint manufacture. .

Kim et al. [45] 2006

301 lung cancer patients

(2003.11-2004.11, admission in 4 Busan hospitals)

*work related case

1 case

1 case

Specific occupational lung cancer cases in Busan.

*2 cases: both probable.

*working environment mesasurement result was limited to access.

Min et al. [46] 2009

Shipbuilding painting process(spraying, brushing, paint equipment blasting, paint quality control)

Spraying,brushing

0.228 (0.194) 0.263 (0.247)

0.279 (0.417) 0.228 (0.289)

blasting

0.242 (0.250) 0.207 (0.182)

0.072 (0.144) 0.055 (0.114)

Paint quality control

0.165 (0.137)

0.145 (0.467)

unit g/g creatinine

Sim et al. [47] 2009

Auto mechanic painting process

dust(n = 27)

lead (n = 27)

toluene(n = 27)

0.38 (1.78)

0.002 (2.29)

1.08 (2.76)

unit: ppm

Cho et al. [48] 2009

shipbuilding painter

Toleuene (100)

xylene(100)

methyl alcohol(200)

MIBK (200)

Work environment measurement history

In 1989, 1991, 1993, and 1994

70-80, 80-90, 18.15-19.399, and 0.41

100-110, 110, 34.737-56.411, and 68.85

70-80, −, −, and -

-, 40-50, 1.535, and trace

Parkinson disease case report

Workplace evaluation of the patient.

unit: ppm

Lim et al. [20] 2010

128 lung cancer workers

(1999-2005, epidemiologic survey of KOSHA)

* work related case: 53 cases

Painter included (3 cases, 5.7%)

Exposure duration /carcinogen/ lung cancer case

19.8 years (6.3-29.0)/ asbestos/ 33cases

18.7 (6.3-31.9)/ PAHs/ 23

21.4 9.0-40.0)/ chrome/ 17

20.5 (10.0-40.0)/ silica/ 14

(total number is more than 53 due to multiple causes of lung cancer)

*occupational lung cancer 53 case, non-occupational lung cancer 75 case: no significant difference among age, smoking history and cell type. (P > 0.05)

*descripted exposure material and occupation respectively and no information available of connections of the two categories