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Table 3 Adjusted geometric mean concentrations (μg/g creatinine) of urinary PAH metabolites with 95% confidence intervals in μg/g creatinine categorized by residence characteristics

From: Relationship between residence characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in housewives: second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014)

Category

N (%)

2-Naphthol GM* (95% CI)

2-Hydroxyfluorene GM* (95% CI)

1-Hydroxyphenanthrene GM* (95% CI)

1-Hydroxypyrene GM* (95% CI)

Type of heating fuel

 Gas

1014 (79.9)

2.54 (2.31–2.80)

0.29 (0.27–0.31)

0.13 (0.12–0.14)

0.19 (0.17–0.20)

 Oil

145 (11.4)

3.18 (2.53–4.00)

0.27 (0.23–0.31)

0.13 (0.11–0.14)

0.20 (0.17–0.23)

 Coal/briquette/wood

36 (2.8)

1.82 (1.07–3.08)

0.32 (0.22–0.45)

0.17 (0.12–0.24)

0.30 (0.21–0.42)

 Electric fuel/cogeneration

74 (5.8)

3.15 (2.25–4.41)

0.27 (0.21–0.33)

0.15 (0.12–0.18)

0.19 (0.15–0.24)

p-value

 

0.106

0.687

0.252

0.082

Type of residence

 Apartment

741 (58.4)

2.56 (2.29–2.86)

0.28 (0.26–0.31)

0.13 (0.12–0.14)

0.19 (0.17–0.20)

 Multiplex

170 (13.4)

2.65 (2.10–3.36)

0.29 (0.25–0.34)

0.13 (0.11–0.14)

0.18 (0.15–0.21)

 Detached

358 (28.2)

2.73 (2.34–3.20)

0.28 (0.26–0.32)

0.14 (0.13–0.16)

0.20 (0.18–0.23)

p-value

 

0.796

0.981

0.157

0.237

Age of building

  ≤ 10 yrs

155 (12.2)

2.72 (2.18–3.39)

0.29 (0.25–0.33)

0.14 (0.12–0.16)

0.18 (0.16–0.21)

 10–19 yrs

382 (30.1)

2.85 (2.43–3.36)

0.29 (0.26–0.33)

0.13 (0.12–0.15)

0.18 (0.16–0.20)

 20–29 yrs

465 (36.6)

2.40 (2.09–2.74)

0.27 (0.25–0.30)

0.13 (0.12–0.14)

0.19 (0.17–0.21)

  > 30 yrs

267 (21.0)

2.67 (2.20–3.24)

0.29 (0.26–0.33)

0.13 (0.12–0.15)

0.21 (0.19–0.24)

p-value

 

0.405

0.713

0.756

0.336

Distance from major road

  ≥ 100 m

594 (46.8)

2.57 (2.27–2.91)

0.27 (0.25–0.29)

0.12 (0.11–0.13)

0.18 (0.17–0.20)

  < 100 m

675 (53.2)

2.68 (2.38–3.00)

0.30 (0.28–0.33)

0.14 (0.13–0.15)

0.20 (0.18–0.22)

p-value

 

0.644

0.043

0.018

0.118

  1. *Estimated geometric means and p-values were calculated by ANCOVA adjusting for age and passive smoking