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Table 1 Demographic distributions of the study subjects and urinary cotinine concentration(μg/g creatinine) according to general characteristics

From: Female non-smokers’ environmental tobacco smoking exposure by public transportation mode

 

Category

N(%)

GM(±SE)

95% CI

p-value

Total

  

1322(100)

1.75(1.03)

  

Age (years)

 

19–29

182(11.5)

1.35(1.08)

1.16–1.56

0.001

30–39

233(14.7)

1.91(1.07)

1.68–2.18

 

40–49

268(16.9)

1.90(1.06)

1.68–2.15

 

50–59

348(22.0)

1.92(1.06)

1.73–2.14

 

60–69

345(21.8)

1.67(1.05)

1.51–1.85

 

≥70

206(13.0)

1.64(1.07)

1.43–1.88

 

Region

 

Cities

1303(82.4)

1.82(1.03)

1.72–1.92

0.002

Rural area

63(4.0)

1.71(1.14)

1.33–2.21

 

Coastal area

28(1.8)

2.00(1.26)

1.24–3.23

 

Heavy Metals Monitoring Networka

188(11.9)

1.34(1.07)

1.17–1.54

 

Involuntary smoking(per week)

 

0

1273(80.5)

1.62(1.03)

1.54–1.71

< 0.001

 

1~ 2

109(6.9)

1.87(1.10)

1.55–2.27

 
 

3~ 4

46(2.9)

2.29(1.16)

1.69–3.11

 

5~ 6

39(2.5)

2.42(1.19)

1.69–3.46

 

≥7

115(7.3)

3.08(1.10)

2.57–3.69

 

BMI (kg/m2)

 

Underweight

55(3.5)

1.25(1.15)

0.94–1.67

0.026

Normal

936(59.2)

1.73(1.03)

1.62–1.84

 

Obese

591(37.4)

1.84(1.04)

1.70–2.00

 

Education

 

≤ Middle school

55(3.5)

1.82(1.04)

1.68–1.97

0.012

High school

936(59.2)

1.86(1.05)

1.70–2.04

 

≥ College

591(37.4)

1.56(1.05)

1.43–1.71

 

Marital status

 

Single

439(27.7)

1.52(1.05)

1.38–1.67

0.001

 

Married

1143(72.3)

1.85(1.03)

1.75–1.96

 

Household income

 

Low

463(29.3)

1.93(1.05)

1.76–2.13

0.003

Mid-low

757(47.9)

1.78(1.04)

1.66–1.92

 

Mid-high

352(22.3)

1.49(1.05)

1.35–1.65

 

High

10(0.6)

1.91(1.35)

0.96–3.79

 

Alcohol

 

None

818(51.7)

1.73(1.04)

1.61–1.85

0.363

Light drinkerb

734(46.4)

1.76(1.04)

1.64–1.90

 

Heavy drinkerc

30(1.9)

2.25(1.22)

1.48–3.40

 

Exercise

 

No

1183(74.8)

1.75(1.03)

1.66–1.86

0.986

Yesd

399(25.2)

1.75(1.05)

1.58–1.94

 

Job classification

 

non-manual

329(24.9)

1.88(1.05)

1.70–2.09

0.263

manual

224(16.9)

1.72(1.07)

1.51–1.95

 

housewife, student, unemployed

769(58.2)

1.71(1.03)

1.60–1.82

 
  1. *p value calculated by chi-square tests GM geometric mean/SE standard error /CI confidence interval Heavy Metals Monitoring Networka: 42 enumeration district where atmospheric heavy metals monitoring stations are installed. Light drinkerb: drinking less than heavy drinker/Heavy drinkerc: drinking ≥3 times a week and ≥ 7 glasses per occasion for male (≥5 glasses for female). Exercised: exercising ≥3 times a week for ≥20 min with sweating