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Table 3 Prevalence of CKD according to work schedules and associated variables in subjects

From: The association between shift work and chronic kidney disease in manual labor workers using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2011–2014)

Variable

Male

Female

Non CKD

CKD a

p-valueb

Non CKD

CKD a

p-valueb

Total

2023 (93.2)

187 (6.8)

 

1158 (90.5)

136 (9.5)

 

Age (years) a,b

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 20–29

131 (98.3)

2 (1.7)

 

37 (91.6)

4 (8.4)

 

 30–39

380 (95.9)

17 (4.1)

 

101 (96.6)

2 (3.4)

 

 40–49

441 (95.1)

25 (4.9)

 

252 (95.6)

13 (4.4)

 

 50–59

557 (91.8)

51 (8.2)

 

370 (90.9)

36 (9.1)

 

 ≥60

494 (84.1)

92 (15.9)

 

398 (82.6)

81 (17.4)

 

Educationa

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 ≤ Elementary school

357 (87.1)

60 (12.9)

 

492 (85.4)

85 (14.6)

 

 Middle school

362 (93.7)

31 (6.3)

 

194 (91.6)

21 (8.4)

 

 High school

928 (93.5)

78 (6.5)

 

402 (94.1)

26 (5.9)

 

 ≥ College or graduate school

376 (96.4)

18 (3.6)

 

70 (95.3)

4 (4.7)

 

Household income

  

0.022

  

0.006

 Low

193 (87.1)

41 (12.9)

 

281 (84.3)

55 (15.7)

 

 Low-middle

670 (93.8)

61 (6.2)

 

371 (91.4)

40 (8.6)

 

 Middle-high

686 (93.3)

55 (6.7)

 

310 (93.5)

23 (6.5)

 

 High

474 (94.0)

30 (6.0)

 

196 (91.6)

18 (8.4)

 

Smoking status

  

0.931

  

0.902

 Non-smoker

335 (93.1)

34 (6.9)

 

1040 (90.4)

123 (9.6)

 

 Ex-smoker

744 (92.9)

78 (7.1)

 

46 (92.5)

4 (7.5)

 

 Current smoker

944 (93.4)

75 (6.6)

 

72 (90.1)

9 (9.9)

 

Alcohol intake (per month)a

  

0.453

  

0.093

 Never

262 (92.5)

35 (7.5)

 

440 (87.8)

67 (12.2)

 

  ≤ 1

392 (94.7)

28 (5.3)

 

432 (92.2)

44 (7.8)

 

 2–3

528 (93.7)

36 (6.3)

 

196 (93.6)

14 (6.4)

 

 ≥4

841 (92.3)

88 (7.7)

 

90 (87.5)

11 (12.5)

 

Work hours per week

      

  ≤ 48

1067 (91.6)

124 (8.4)

0.004

911 (90.7)

108 (9.3)

0.680

  > 48

956 (94.9)

63 (5.1)

 

247 (89.7)

28 (10.3)

 

Work schedule

  

0.926

  

0.006

 Day work

1565 (93.2)

142 (6.8)

 

1024 (91.5)

109 (8.5)

 

 Shift work

458 (93.1)

45 (6.9)

 

134 (84.0)

27 (16.0)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

  

0.035

  

0.083

 Underweight (< 18.5)

45 (95.6)

3 (4.4)

 

32 (86.0)

5 (14.0)

 

 Normal (18.5–25)

1260 (94.4)

95 (5.6)

 

738 (92.3)

70 (7.7)

 

 Overweight (25–30)

651 (91.2)

79 (8.8)

 

330 (88.2)

48 (11.8)

 

 Obese (≥30)

67 (88.4)

10 (11.6)

 

58 (84.3)

13 (15.7)

 

Diabetes mellitus

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 No

1818 (95.0)

117 (5.0)

 

1065 (92.2)

100 (7.8)

 

 Yes

205 (77.1)

70 (22.9)

 

93 (71.7)

36 (28.3)

 

Hypertension

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 No

1401 (96.4)

60 (3.6)

 

812 (94.7)

46 (5.3)

 

 Yes

622 (85.3)

127 (14.7)

 

346 (80.2)

90 (19.8)

 
  1. Values are expressed as unweighted counts and estimated percentages N (%)
  2. adefined as UACR> 30 mg/g and/or eGFR< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 estimated by the CKD-EPI equation
  3. bcalculated by complex samples and the chi-squared test