Long Working Hours and Emotional Well-Being in Korean Manufacturing Industry Employees

Lee, Kyoung-Hye; Kim, Jong-Eun; Kim, Young-Ki; Kang, Dong-Mug; Yun, Myeong-Ja; Park, Shin-Goo; Song, Jae-Seok; Lee, Sang-Gil

doi:10.1186/2052-4374-25-38

Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Table 1 Study subject’s characteristics of Korean manufacturing industry on the second Korean working condition survey (N^* = 993)

From: Long Working Hours and Emotional Well-Being in Korean Manufacturing Industry Employees

Variables	WHO (five) well-being index												p-value ^†
	Reference group (A)				Low mood group (B)				Possible depression group (C)				A:B	A:C	B:C
	Unweighted frequency	Weighted frequency	Percent (%)	SE ^**	Unweighted frequency	Weighted frequency	Percent (%)	SE ^**	Unweighted frequency	Weighted frequency	Percent (%)	SE ^**
Total	561	1,983,111	52.4	2.00	247	779,075	23.3	1.67	185	574,932	17.2	1.85
Gender													0.303	0.509	0.303
Female	144	473,160	63.02	1.28	53	156,936	20.90	0.75	43	120,768	16.08	0.74
Male	417	1,509,951	58.38	1.89	194	622,138	24.06	1.54	142	454,163	17.56	1.67
Age													0.045	0.722	0.232
<30	89	426,902	64.10	1.60	25	111,244	16.70	0.76	30	127,837	19.20	0.94
30 - 39	202	724,667	62.24	1.72	82	260,735	22.39	0.91	51	178,891	15.36	1.20
40 - 49	170	533,161	54.37	1.35	97	283,466	28.91	1.00	64	163,919	16.72	0.69
≥50	100	298,380	56.69	1.12	43	123,630	23.49	0.60	40	104,285	19.81	0.57
Highest level of education													0.443	0.004	0.030
Below middle school	48	131,083	57.35	0.62	16	38,580	16.88	0.31	26	58,907	25.77	0.39
Graduate high school	240	856,641	55.74	1.71	114	372,103	24.21	1.09	97	308,163	20.05	9.23
Above college	273	995,387	63.33	1.79	117	368,391	23.44	1.25	62	207,862	13.23	1.03
Smoking													0.410	0.249	0.611
Ex-smoker or never smoker	324	1,134,728	61.71	1.85	136	415,345	22.59	1.37	96	288,737	15.70	1.11
Present smoker	237	848,383	56.62	1.59	111	363,729	24.28	1.09	89	286,195	19.10	1.36
Alcohol drinking													0.178	0.780	0.266
No or social drinker	448	1,562,632	58.69	2.07	210	650,762	24.44	1.60	147	449,324	16.87	1.35
High risk drinker	113	420,479	62.35	1.23	37	128,313	19.03	0.68	38	125,608	18.63	0.98
Diagnosed obesity													0.115	0.100	0.836
No	540	1,894,969	58.79	2.06	242	763,348	23.68	1.66	181	564,938	17.53	1.84
Yes	21	88,142	77.41	0.68	5	15,726	13.81	0.23	4	9,994	8.78	0.15
Physical activity^***													0.005	0.010	0.952
No or not enough	455	1,608,080	56.87	2.03	223	702,449	24.84	1.59	167	517,283	18.29	1.72
More than 3 days a week	106	375,031	73.64	1.22	24	76,626	15.05	0.55	18	57,649	11.32	0.43
Average net monthly income (Korean Won, \^§)													0.687	0.235	0.035
< 1,000,000	69	258,545	61.28	1.18	29	127,427	30.20	1.03	14	35,967	8.52	0.31
1,000,000 ~ 2,000,000	192	654,230	59.28	1.59	75	228,454	20.70	0.83	71	221,003	20.02	1.01
2,000,000 ~ 3,000,000	170	583,216	58.29	1.55	80	235,588	23.55	0.88	60	181,777	18.17	0.90
≥3,000,000	130	487,119	60.07	1.50	63	187,604	23.14	0.85	40	136,184	16.79	0.97
Company size(no. of employee)													0.107	0.216	0.411
<5	41	130,830	62.86	0.69	16	54,107	26.00	0.45	7	23,195	11.14	0.29
5-49	234	808,088	56.19	1.80	119	378,464	26.32	1.20	86	251,525	17.49	0.93
50-299	162	554,311	66.43	1.57	51	148,754	17.83	0.68	45	131,302	15.74	0.70
≥300	110	436,026	56.34	1.75	53	172,717	22.32	1.03	45	165,113	21.34	1.29
Weekly working hours													0.451	<0.001	<0.001
Weekly working hours													(0.373)^‡	(<0.001)^‡	(<0.001)^‡
Reference time(35–47)	297	1,903,463	63.62	1.92	126	423,350	24.63	1.44	70	201,988	11.75	0.82
Long time1(48 ~ 52)	166	530,469	62.07	1.38	58	179,965	21.06	0.77	46	144,201	16.87	0.77
Long time2(53–60)	71	254,940	47.97	1.03	51	134,215	25.26	0.57	43	142,269	26.77	0.89
Long time3(≥61)	27	104,238	44.88	0.66	12	41,545	17.89	0.41	26	86,474	37.23	0.59
Shift work													0.502	0.948	0.770
No	491	1,702,184	59.59	1.97	209	659,455	23.09	1.60	159	494,877	17.32	1.73
Yes	70	280,927	58.45	1.14	38	119,620	24.89	0.63	26	80,055	16.66	0.72

*unweighted case number of workers, **standard error, ***physical activity: sports, outdoor exercise, cultural activity, leisure activity, etc. †p-value by Rao Scott X 2 test ‡p-value by Cochran- Armitage trend test §1USD($) = 1134.8KRW(\)(2010 Survey statistics by currency exchange rates, Ministry of Strategy and Finance, Korea).

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ISSN: 2052-4374

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