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Table 2. Geometric mean and range of blood lead (μg/L), cadmium (μg/g Creatinine) of study subjects

From: Levels of blood lead and urinary cadmium in industrial complex residents in Ulsan

Classification variables

Number

Lead

Cadmium

Total

Non-exposure

Exposure

Total

Non-exposure

Exposure

2.172 ± 1.590

2.449 ± 1.510*

0.709 ± 2.344

1.077 ± 2.169*

Gender

Men

173

2.835 ± 1.516 (2.663–3.018)

2.599 ± 1.486

2.917 ± 1.522

0.718 ± 2.221 (0..603–0.810)

0.484 ± 2.169

0.818 ± 2.149*

Women

256

2.108 ± 1.484 (2.008–2.213)*

1.933 ± 1.600

2.173 ± 1.436*

1.185 ± 2.144 (1.079–1.302)*

0.908 ± 2.254

1.300 ± 2.063*

Age group

20–29

61

1.698 ± 1.450 (1.544–1.868)

1.544 ± 1.516

1.773 ± 1.413

0.373 ± 1.966 (0.313–0.443)

0.275 ± 2.169

0.428 ± 1.797*

30–39

42

2.139 ± 1.404 (1.946–2.351) †

2.247 ± 1.489

2.088 ± 1.364

0.638 ± 1.869 (0.536–0.759) †

0.535 ± 2.112

0.695 ± 1.730

40–49

85

2.386 ± 1.444 (2.204–2.583) †

2.283 ± 1.516

2.426 ± 1.419

0.806 ± 2.043 (0.691–0.941) †

0.690 ± 2.127

0.855 ± 2.007

50–59

83

2.683 ± 1.573 (2.430–2.962) †§

2.434 ± 2.751

2.751 ± 1.610

1.367 ± 1.830 (1.198–1.560) †§

0.983 ± 1.826

1.488 ± 1.785*

60–69

88

2.594 ± 1.467 (2.391–2.814) †§

2.420 ± 1.424

2.647 ± 1.480

1.453 ± 1.872 (1.272–1.660) †§

1.165 ± 1.840

1.550 ± 1.862

Over 70

60

2.701 ± 1.604 (2.390–3.052) †§

2.290 ± 2.117

2.827 ± 1.434

1.628 ± 1.826 (1.394–1.903) †§

1.198 ± 1.704

1.734 ± 1.841

Body Mass Index

Non-obese (<25 kg/m2)

306

2.319 ± 1.543 (2.208–2.435)

1.977 ± 1.599

2.451 ± 1.502*

0.970 ± 2.262 (0.885–1.064)

0.687 ± 2.351

1.094 ± 2.157*

Obese (≥25 kg/m2)

123

2.522 ± 1.509 (2.344–2.715)

2.784 ± 1.417

2.443 ± 1.532

0.964 ± 2.254 (0.834–1.115)

0.768 ± 2.347

1.038 ± 2.204

Smoking status

Non-smoker

300

2.179 ± 1.517 (2.078–2.284)

1.906 ± 1.571

2.274 ± 1.486*

1.027 ± 2.337 (0.933–1.131)

0.752 ± 2.496

1.136 ± 2.233*

Smoker

129

2.905 ± 1.474 (2.715–3.108)*

2.831 ± 1.446

2.934 ± 1.487

0.844 ± 2.038 (0.746–0.956)*

0.628 ± 2.023

0.946 ± 1.983*

Drinking status

Non-drinker

276

2.476 ± 1.545 (2.351–2.607)

2.332 ± 1.538

2.531 ± 1.546

0.812 ± 2.225 (0.739–0.893)

0.595 ± 2.259

0.911 ± 2.149*

Drinker

153

2.205 ± 1.503 (2.066–2.353)*

1.870 ± 1.652

2.315 ± 1.439*

1.330 ± 2.103 (1.181–1.498)*

1.027 ± 2.269

1.436 ± 2.023*

Educational status

High school and less

263

2.514 ± 1.500 (2.393–2.641)

2.314 ± 1.654

2.562 ± 1.461

1.299 ± 2.033 (1.191–1.415)

1.068 ± 1.904

1.358 ± 2.049*

College and more

166

2.172 ± 1.567 (2.027–2.327)*

2.063 ± 1.532

2.236 ± 1.586

0.608 ± 2.122 (0.542–0.683)*

0.507 ± 2.360

0.675 ± 1.950*

Distance to road

Above 100 m

202

2.320 ± 1.538 (2.185–2.463)

2.167 ± 1.502

2.386 ± 1.550

0.944 ± 2.231 (0.845–1.055)

0.686 ± 2.452

1.077 ± 2.062*

Under 100 m

225

2.422 ± 1.533 (2.290–2.562)

2.179 ± 1.695

2.497 ± 1.477*

0.992 ± 2.290 (0.889–1.106)

0.736 ± 2.232

1.080 ± 2.267*

  1. unit: geometric mean ± standard deviation (95% confidence interval)
  2. * p < 0.05
  3. † p < 0.05 vs. age group (20–29)
  4. § p < 0.05 vs. age group (30–39)