From: Levels of blood lead and urinary cadmium in industrial complex residents in Ulsan
Classification variables | Number | Lead | Cadmium | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Non-exposure | Exposure | Total | Non-exposure | Exposure | |||
2.172 ± 1.590 | 2.449 ± 1.510* | 0.709 ± 2.344 | 1.077 ± 2.169* | |||||
Gender | Men | 173 | 2.835 ± 1.516 (2.663–3.018) | 2.599 ± 1.486 | 2.917 ± 1.522 | 0.718 ± 2.221 (0..603–0.810) | 0.484 ± 2.169 | 0.818 ± 2.149* |
Women | 256 | 2.108 ± 1.484 (2.008–2.213)* | 1.933 ± 1.600 | 2.173 ± 1.436* | 1.185 ± 2.144 (1.079–1.302)* | 0.908 ± 2.254 | 1.300 ± 2.063* | |
Age group | 20–29 | 61 | 1.698 ± 1.450 (1.544–1.868) | 1.544 ± 1.516 | 1.773 ± 1.413 | 0.373 ± 1.966 (0.313–0.443) | 0.275 ± 2.169 | 0.428 ± 1.797* |
30–39 | 42 | 2.139 ± 1.404 (1.946–2.351) †| 2.247 ± 1.489 | 2.088 ± 1.364 | 0.638 ± 1.869 (0.536–0.759) †| 0.535 ± 2.112 | 0.695 ± 1.730 | |
40–49 | 85 | 2.386 ± 1.444 (2.204–2.583) †| 2.283 ± 1.516 | 2.426 ± 1.419 | 0.806 ± 2.043 (0.691–0.941) †| 0.690 ± 2.127 | 0.855 ± 2.007 | |
50–59 | 83 | 2.683 ± 1.573 (2.430–2.962) †§ | 2.434 ± 2.751 | 2.751 ± 1.610 | 1.367 ± 1.830 (1.198–1.560) †§ | 0.983 ± 1.826 | 1.488 ± 1.785* | |
60–69 | 88 | 2.594 ± 1.467 (2.391–2.814) †§ | 2.420 ± 1.424 | 2.647 ± 1.480 | 1.453 ± 1.872 (1.272–1.660) †§ | 1.165 ± 1.840 | 1.550 ± 1.862 | |
Over 70 | 60 | 2.701 ± 1.604 (2.390–3.052) †§ | 2.290 ± 2.117 | 2.827 ± 1.434 | 1.628 ± 1.826 (1.394–1.903) †§ | 1.198 ± 1.704 | 1.734 ± 1.841 | |
Body Mass Index | Non-obese (<25 kg/m2) | 306 | 2.319 ± 1.543 (2.208–2.435) | 1.977 ± 1.599 | 2.451 ± 1.502* | 0.970 ± 2.262 (0.885–1.064) | 0.687 ± 2.351 | 1.094 ± 2.157* |
Obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 123 | 2.522 ± 1.509 (2.344–2.715) | 2.784 ± 1.417 | 2.443 ± 1.532 | 0.964 ± 2.254 (0.834–1.115) | 0.768 ± 2.347 | 1.038 ± 2.204 | |
Smoking status | Non-smoker | 300 | 2.179 ± 1.517 (2.078–2.284) | 1.906 ± 1.571 | 2.274 ± 1.486* | 1.027 ± 2.337 (0.933–1.131) | 0.752 ± 2.496 | 1.136 ± 2.233* |
Smoker | 129 | 2.905 ± 1.474 (2.715–3.108)* | 2.831 ± 1.446 | 2.934 ± 1.487 | 0.844 ± 2.038 (0.746–0.956)* | 0.628 ± 2.023 | 0.946 ± 1.983* | |
Drinking status | Non-drinker | 276 | 2.476 ± 1.545 (2.351–2.607) | 2.332 ± 1.538 | 2.531 ± 1.546 | 0.812 ± 2.225 (0.739–0.893) | 0.595 ± 2.259 | 0.911 ± 2.149* |
Drinker | 153 | 2.205 ± 1.503 (2.066–2.353)* | 1.870 ± 1.652 | 2.315 ± 1.439* | 1.330 ± 2.103 (1.181–1.498)* | 1.027 ± 2.269 | 1.436 ± 2.023* | |
Educational status | High school and less | 263 | 2.514 ± 1.500 (2.393–2.641) | 2.314 ± 1.654 | 2.562 ± 1.461 | 1.299 ± 2.033 (1.191–1.415) | 1.068 ± 1.904 | 1.358 ± 2.049* |
College and more | 166 | 2.172 ± 1.567 (2.027–2.327)* | 2.063 ± 1.532 | 2.236 ± 1.586 | 0.608 ± 2.122 (0.542–0.683)* | 0.507 ± 2.360 | 0.675 ± 1.950* | |
Distance to road | Above 100 m | 202 | 2.320 ± 1.538 (2.185–2.463) | 2.167 ± 1.502 | 2.386 ± 1.550 | 0.944 ± 2.231 (0.845–1.055) | 0.686 ± 2.452 | 1.077 ± 2.062* |
Under 100 m | 225 | 2.422 ± 1.533 (2.290–2.562) | 2.179 ± 1.695 | 2.497 ± 1.477* | 0.992 ± 2.290 (0.889–1.106) | 0.736 ± 2.232 | 1.080 ± 2.267* |