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Table 2 RM-ANOVA results of all categorical variables

From: Factors increasing the risk for psychosocial stress among Korean adults living in rural areas: using generalized estimating equations and mixed models

Variables

Group

Preliminary survey

Follow-up surveys

% change

p value

M ± SD

M ± SD

Overall

 

18.74 ± 8.94

16.70 ± 9.59

−10.9%

 

Sleep duration

6 to 9 h

18.38 ± 8.67

16.42 ± 9.44

−10.7%

<0.001*

Less than 6 h

21.57 ± 9.97

18.66 ± 10.33

−13.5%

More than 10 h

18.67 ± 9.98

17.15 ± 10.10

−8.1%

Exercise

Yes

17.05 ± 8.19

15.13 ± 8.58

−11.3%

<0.001*

No

19.51 ± 9.16

17.42 ± 8.58

−10.7%

Smoking

Non-smoker

19.38 ± 9.13

17.19 ± 9.82

−11.3%

<0.001*

Past smoker

16.45 ± 7.93

14.61 ± 8.40

−11.2%

Current smoker

17.76 ± 8.44

16.14 ± 9.22

−9.1%

Drinking alcohol

No

18.66 ± 8.83

16.69 ± 9.62

−10.7%

0.927

Yes

18.90 ± 9.09

16.65 ± 9.56

−10.9%

Chronic metabolic disease (number)

0

18.31 ± 8.75

16.20 ± 9.32

−11.5%

<0.001*

1

19.37 ± 9.35

17.51 ± 9.92

−9.6%

2

20.15 ± 8.84

17.96 ± 10.28

−10.9%

3

21.96 ± 10.10

21.48 ± 11.12

−2.2%

Occupational class

Farmers, livestock farmers

18.99 ± 9.47

17.01 ± 10.04

−10.4%

<0.001*

Blue-collar

18.34 ± 8.91

16.62 ± 8.65

−10.6%

White-collar

17.70 ± 9.00

15.75 ± 9.01

−11.0%

Housewives or unemployed

19.38 ± 8.72

16.98 ± 9.55

−13.4%

Working hours per day

8 to 10 h

18.00 ± 8.73

16.33 ± 9.44

−9.3%

0.039*

Less than 8 h

18.08 ± 8.80

17.05 ± 9.55

−5.7%

More than 10 h

19.21 ± 9.33

17.02 ± 9.89

−11.4%

None

19.33 ± 8.67

16.51 ± 9.39

−14.6%

Sedentary time on worka (per day)

Less than 1 h

19.14 ± 9.10

16.52 ± 9.71

−13.7%

0.155

1 to 5 h

18.00 ± 8.90

16.61 ± 9.58

−7.7%

More than 5 h

17.58 ± 8.67

15.98 ± 9.42

−9.1%

Sex

Male

16.53 ± 8.29

14.71 ± 9.03

−11.0%

<0.001*

Female

20.32 ± 9.05

18.13 ± 9.73

−10.8%

Age

40–49 years

18.33 ± 8.27

16.20 ± 8.28

−10.6%

0.099

50–59 years

18.74 ± 8.82

16.98 ± 9.35

−9.4%

≥ 60 years

19.07 ± 9.55

16.81 ± 10.75

−11.9%

Highest level of education

Lower than elementary

20.21 ± 9.64

17.88 ± 10.44

−11.5%

<0.001*

Middle school

18.05 ± 8.08

16.72 ± 9.25

−7.4%

High school

17.34 ± 7.74

15.04 ± 8.13

−13.3%

Two-year college or higher

15.65 ± 7.73

14.54 ± 7.74

−7.1%

Monthly income

< 1 million won

20.13 ± 9.61

18.00 ± 10.54

−10.5%

<0.001*

1–2 million won

18.61 ± 8.37

16.32 ± 8.76

−12.2%

2–3 million won

16.85 ± 7.92

14.78 ± 8.25

−12.3%

> 3 million won

16.10 ± 7.11

14.57 ± 7.87

−9.5%

Marital status

Spouse

18.41 ± 8.70

16.53 ± 9.46

−10.2%

0.004*

No spouse

21.51 ± 10.39

18.17 ± 10.63

−15.5%

  1. M mean, SD standard deviation
  2. *Significant at the 0.05 level
  3. aHousewives and unemployed were excluded