Variables | Group | Preliminary survey | Follow-up surveys | % change | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | M ± SD | ||||
Overall |  | 18.74 ± 8.94 | 16.70 ± 9.59 | −10.9% |  |
Sleep duration | 6 to 9 h | 18.38 ± 8.67 | 16.42 ± 9.44 | −10.7% | <0.001* |
Less than 6 h | 21.57 ± 9.97 | 18.66 ± 10.33 | −13.5% | ||
More than 10 h | 18.67 ± 9.98 | 17.15 ± 10.10 | −8.1% | ||
Exercise | Yes | 17.05 ± 8.19 | 15.13 ± 8.58 | −11.3% | <0.001* |
No | 19.51 ± 9.16 | 17.42 ± 8.58 | −10.7% | ||
Smoking | Non-smoker | 19.38 ± 9.13 | 17.19 ± 9.82 | −11.3% | <0.001* |
Past smoker | 16.45 ± 7.93 | 14.61 ± 8.40 | −11.2% | ||
Current smoker | 17.76 ± 8.44 | 16.14 ± 9.22 | −9.1% | ||
Drinking alcohol | No | 18.66 ± 8.83 | 16.69 ± 9.62 | −10.7% | 0.927 |
Yes | 18.90 ± 9.09 | 16.65 ± 9.56 | −10.9% | ||
Chronic metabolic disease (number) | 0 | 18.31 ± 8.75 | 16.20 ± 9.32 | −11.5% | <0.001* |
1 | 19.37 ± 9.35 | 17.51 ± 9.92 | −9.6% | ||
2 | 20.15 ± 8.84 | 17.96 ± 10.28 | −10.9% | ||
3 | 21.96 ± 10.10 | 21.48 ± 11.12 | −2.2% | ||
Occupational class | Farmers, livestock farmers | 18.99 ± 9.47 | 17.01 ± 10.04 | −10.4% | <0.001* |
Blue-collar | 18.34 ± 8.91 | 16.62 ± 8.65 | −10.6% | ||
White-collar | 17.70 ± 9.00 | 15.75 ± 9.01 | −11.0% | ||
Housewives or unemployed | 19.38 ± 8.72 | 16.98 ± 9.55 | −13.4% | ||
Working hours per day | 8 to 10 h | 18.00 ± 8.73 | 16.33 ± 9.44 | −9.3% | 0.039* |
Less than 8 h | 18.08 ± 8.80 | 17.05 ± 9.55 | −5.7% | ||
More than 10 h | 19.21 ± 9.33 | 17.02 ± 9.89 | −11.4% | ||
None | 19.33 ± 8.67 | 16.51 ± 9.39 | −14.6% | ||
Sedentary time on worka (per day) | Less than 1 h | 19.14 ± 9.10 | 16.52 ± 9.71 | −13.7% | 0.155 |
1 to 5 h | 18.00 ± 8.90 | 16.61 ± 9.58 | −7.7% | ||
More than 5 h | 17.58 ± 8.67 | 15.98 ± 9.42 | −9.1% | ||
Sex | Male | 16.53 ± 8.29 | 14.71 ± 9.03 | −11.0% | <0.001* |
Female | 20.32 ± 9.05 | 18.13 ± 9.73 | −10.8% | ||
Age | 40–49 years | 18.33 ± 8.27 | 16.20 ± 8.28 | −10.6% | 0.099 |
50–59 years | 18.74 ± 8.82 | 16.98 ± 9.35 | −9.4% | ||
≥ 60 years | 19.07 ± 9.55 | 16.81 ± 10.75 | −11.9% | ||
Highest level of education | Lower than elementary | 20.21 ± 9.64 | 17.88 ± 10.44 | −11.5% | <0.001* |
Middle school | 18.05 ± 8.08 | 16.72 ± 9.25 | −7.4% | ||
High school | 17.34 ± 7.74 | 15.04 ± 8.13 | −13.3% | ||
Two-year college or higher | 15.65 ± 7.73 | 14.54 ± 7.74 | −7.1% | ||
Monthly income | < 1 million won | 20.13 ± 9.61 | 18.00 ± 10.54 | −10.5% | <0.001* |
1–2 million won | 18.61 ± 8.37 | 16.32 ± 8.76 | −12.2% | ||
2–3 million won | 16.85 ± 7.92 | 14.78 ± 8.25 | −12.3% | ||
> 3 million won | 16.10 ± 7.11 | 14.57 ± 7.87 | −9.5% | ||
Marital status | Spouse | 18.41 ± 8.70 | 16.53 ± 9.46 | −10.2% | 0.004* |
No spouse | 21.51 ± 10.39 | 18.17 ± 10.63 | −15.5% |