Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects
Variable | Male | Female | Total | p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 2210 | 1294 | 3504 | |
Age (years) | 46.1 ± 0.3 | 52.2 ± 0.5 | 47.9 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
20–29 | 133 (10.7) | 41 (6.1) | 174 (9.4) | < 0.001 |
30–39 | 397 (21.8) | 103 (9.3) | 500 (18.2) | |
40–49 | 466 (26.1) | 265 (26.1) | 731 (26.1) | |
50–59 | 628 (27.2) | 406 (31.4) | 1034 (28.4) | |
≥ 60 | 586 (14.2) | 479 (27.1) | 1065 (17.9) | |
Education | < 0.001 | |||
≤ Elementary school | 417 (14.2) | 577 (37.4) | 994 (20.9) | |
Middle school | 393 (16.0) | 215 (17.1) | 608 (16.3) | |
High school | 1006 (50.5) | 428 (39.3) | 1434 (47.3) | |
≥ College or graduate school | 394 (19.3) | 74 (6.3) | 468 (15.5) | |
Household income | < 0.001 | |||
Low | 234 (7.6) | 336 (22.1) | 570 (11.8) | |
Low-middle | 731 (33.6) | 411 (31.5) | 1142 (33.0) | |
Middle-high | 741 (35.1) | 333 (28.8) | 1074 (33.3) | |
High | 504 (23.7) | 214 (17.6) | 718 (21.9) | |
Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||
Non-smoker | 369 (17.2) | 1163 (87.4) | 1532 (37.5) | |
Ex-smoker | 822 (33.0) | 50 (4.7) | 872 (24.8) | |
Current smoker | 1019 (49.8) | 81 (8.0) | 1100 (37.7) | |
Alcohol intake (per month) | < 0.001 | |||
Never | 297 (11.6) | 507 (35.8) | 804 (18.6) | |
≤ 1 | 420 (19.2) | 476 (37.3) | 896 (24.4) | |
2–3 | 564 (27.1) | 210 (18.1) | 774 (24.5) | |
≥4 | 929 (42.2) | 101 (8.8) | 1030 (32.5) | |
Work hours per week | ||||
≤ 48 | 1191 (52.3) | 1019 (76.4) | 2210 (59.3) | < 0.001 |
> 48 | 1019 (47.7) | 275 (23.6) | 1294 (40.7) | |
Work schedule | < 0.001 | |||
Day work | 1707 (79.9) | 1133 (86.4) | 2840 (81.7) | |
Shift work | 503 (20.1) | 161 (13.6) | 664 (18.3) | |
CKDb | 0.013 | |||
No | 2023 (93.2) | 1158 (90.5) | 3181 (92.4) | |
Yes | 187 (6.8) | 136 (9.5) | 323 (7.6) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.098 | |||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 48 (2.4) | 37 (3.2) | 85 (2.6) | |
Normal (18.5–25) | 1355 (61.3) | 808 (62.1) | 2163 (61.5) | |
Overweight (25–30) | 730 (32.4) | 378 (29.2) | 1108 (31.5) | |
Obese (≥30) | 77 (4.0) | 71 (5.5) | 148 (4.4) | |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.058 | |||
No | 1935 (89.6) | 1165 (91.7) | 3100 (90.2) | |
Yes | 275 (10.4) | 129 (8.3) | 404 (9.8) | |
Hypertension | 0.885 | |||
No | 1461 (70.8) | 858 (71.1) | 2319 (70.9) | |
Yes | 749 (29.2) | 436 (28.9) | 1185 (29.1) | |
SBP (mmHg) | 120.1 ± 0.39 | 119.6 ± 0.64 | 120.0 ± 0.33 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.3 ± 0.30 | 75.2 ± 0.35 | 78.1 ± 0.24 | < 0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 100.5 ± 0.54 | 98.0 ± 0.64 | 99.8 ± 0.42 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 189.0 ± 0.86 | 194.7 ± 1.28 | 190.6 ± 0.71 | < 0.001 |